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1、怎样阅读英文案例怎样阅读英文案例怎样阅读英文案例第一部分案例通常由下列几个部分组成。一、案例名称(Case Name) ;例如:Marbury v. Madison (马伯里诉麦迪逊), “v” is short for versus.是“诉”的意思。二、判决法院(Court rendering the opinion) ;例如:New Jersey Supreme Court (新泽西最高法院)。三、卷宗号,案号(Citation) ;例如:93 N.J324, 461 A. 2d 138 (1983),这说明该案出自新西汇编第 93 卷,第 324 页,以及大西洋汇编第二辑第 138 页,
2、该案判决于 1983 年。此处,A 是 Atlantic Reporter 的缩写。像这种指明两个或两个以上出处的卷宗号叫作:“平行卷宗号” ,其英语表达为“parallel citation” ,意思是“An additional reference to a case that has been reported in more than more reporter.”广义上卷宗号包括上述:一、案例名称;二、判决法院。四、主审法官姓名(Justice wrote the opinion) 。五、判决书(opinion stating the issue raised, describing
3、 the parties and facts, discussing the relevant law, and rendering judgment.)判决书是整个案例的主体部分,其中包括法律争议(Issue) 、双方当事人情况、事实经过、判决采用的相关法律以及判决结果。判决书的阅读过程之中,要注意以下几点:1. 时态主审法官的意见用现在时态;前审法院的意见用过去时态。2. 主审法官的意见是法院意见。3. 除法院意见外还有两种意见,它们被称为“反对意见”(dissenting opinion or dissent)与“配合意见” (concurring opinion) 。Dissentin
4、g opinion opinion offered by a judge disagreeing with the majority panel of judges conclusion; “反对意见”指不同意大多数法官判决结论之某一法官的意见;Concurring opinion opinion written by a judge agreeing with the majoritys conclusion but not its reasoning. “配合意见”是指同意大多数法官的意见,但是不同意判决结论的推理之某一法官的意见。六、法庭投票(Votes of the court)例如在
5、七名大法官审理的情况下,有几名法官的意见是“维持原判”(affirmance) ,有几名法官的意见是“撤销原判、发回重审”(reversal and remandment) 。第二部分一、什么是 citation由于卷宗号这一块涉及内容庞杂,这里再逐一特别说明一下。我们首先来看一下布莱克法律字典中 citation 的定义:A reference to a legal precedent or authority, such as a case, statute, or treatise, that either substantiates or contradicts a given pos
6、ition. (p.237) 7th edition. 由于 a citation is a reference to a legal authority,因此,citation 必须要有一个标准,这样以后的参考者才容易检索得到。正如布莱克法律字典所指出的一样,Citation formats exist for many different types of legal sources including cases, statutes and secondary legal materials. Understanding the basic format for each of thes
7、e different types of sources will enable the researcher to more independently locate materials in the law library.案例之中的卷宗号通常包括下列几个部分:a. 案件双方当事人姓名(the names of the parties involved in the lawsuit) ;b. 包含案件全文的汇编卷号( the volume number of the reporter containing the full text of the case) ;c. 该案例汇编的缩写名称(
8、the abbreviated name of that case reporter) ;d. 案例开始的页码数(the page number on which the case begins) ;e. 案件判决年份(the year the case was decided) ;有时还包括f. 案件判决法院(the name of the court deciding the case) 。举例说明 Hebb v. Severson, 201 P.2d 156 (Wash. 1948). 在这个例子当中,Hebb 是原告(plaintiff) ,Severson 是被告(defendant
9、) 。我们可以在太平洋汇编第二辑 201 卷第 156 页(volume 201 of the Pacific Reporter Second Series beginning on page 156)找到这一案例。该案是由华盛顿州最高法院(Washington State Supreme Court)于 1948 年判决的。二、如何阅读案例(cases)之中的 citation确定卷宗号之中的缩略码。请对照下列列表,找出缩略码(abbreviation)的汇编全称(full reporter title).Abbreviation Title 汉语汇编名称A. Atlantic Report
10、er 大西洋汇编A. 2d. Atlantic Reporter, 2d Series 大西洋汇编第二辑Cal. Rep. California Reporter 加利福尼亚州汇编F. Federal Reporter 联邦汇编F. 2d. Federal Reporter, 2d Series 联邦汇编第二辑F. 3d. Federal Reporter, 3d Series 联邦汇编第三辑F. Supp. Federal Supplement 联邦补充案例L. Ed. U.S. Supreme Court Decisions, Lawyers Edition 美国最高法院案例汇编,律师版L
11、. Ed. 2d. U.S. Supreme Court Decisions, Lawyers Edition, 2d Series 美国最高法院案例汇编,律师版第二辑N. E. Northeastern Reporter 东北汇编N. E. 2d. Northeastern Reporter, 2d Series 东北汇编第二辑N. W. Northwestern Reporter 西北汇编N. W. 2d. Northwestern Reporter, 2d Series 西北汇编第二辑N. Y. S. New York Supplement 纽约补充案例N. Y. S. 2d. New
12、York Supplement, 2d Series 纽约补充案例第二辑P. Pacific Reporter 太平洋汇编P. 2d. Pacific Reporter, 2d Series 太平洋汇编第二辑S. Ct. Supreme Court Reporter 最高法院案例汇编S. E. Southeastern Reporter 东南汇编S. E. 2d. Southeastern Reporter, 2d Series 东南汇编第二辑So. Southern Reporter 南方汇编So. 2d. Southern Reporter, 2d Series 南方汇编第二辑S. W.
13、Southwestern Reporter 西南汇编S. W. 2d. Southwestern Reporter, 2d Series 西南汇编第二辑U. S. United States Reports 美国案例汇编再举两例说明,例如:Morgan v. United States, 298 U.S.468, 56 S. Ct 906, 80L.Ed. 1288 (1936) 表示:摩根诉美国,收集在美国案例汇编第 298 卷,468 页开始;最高法院案例汇编第 56 卷906 页开始;美国最高法院案例汇编律师版第 80 卷,1288 页开始,1936 年判决。 For example,
14、a popular name for a Supreme Court case isRoe v. WadeWhich translates as Plaintiff versus Defendant原告罗诉被告魏德The official citation for this Supreme Court decision is410 U.S. 113Which translates as Volume 410 United Stated Reports Page 113410 卷美国案例汇编 113 页There are several different publishers for lega
15、l documents such as court decisions. (Libraries usually only carry one of these published versions.) These publishers may be referred to in parallel citations for this case.例如,该案的平行汇编是:93 S. Ct. 705Which translates as Volume 93 Supreme Court Reporter Page 705第 93 卷最高法院案例汇编 705 页Or35 L. Ed. 2d 147Which translates as Volume 35 U.S. Supreme Court Reports, Lawyers Edition, 2nd Series Page 147第 35 卷美国最高法院案例汇编律师版第二辑 147 页该案完整的卷宗号(full citation)就是:Roe v. Wade 410 U.S. 113 93 S. Ct. 705 35 L. Ed. 2d.147 1972Case name Official citation Parallel citation parallel citation Date of opinion