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1、1Ballad(民谣民谣) a ballad is a narrative poem consisting of quatrains of iambic tetrameter alternating with iambic trimeter. Common traits of the ballad are that(a) the beginning is often abrupt ,(b) the story is told through dialogue and action (c) the language is simple or “folksy,” (d) the theme is
2、often tragic-though comic ballads do exist, (e) the ballad contains a refrain repeated several times. The ballad became popular in England in the late 14th century and was adopted by many writers. One of the most important anthologies of ballads is F. J. Child s The English and Scottish Popular Ball
3、ads. ，民谣指的是抑扬格四音步与抑扬格三音步诗行交替出现的四行叙事诗。 民谣的共同特色包括：（a）诗歌的起首通常十分出其不意。 （b）故事通过对话和行为讲述。 （c）语言简单，民风十足。 （d）尽管存在喜剧民谣，但大多数民谣的主题具有悲剧意味。 （e）民谣通常包含重复多遍的叠句。民谣这种诗歌形式在 14 世纪晚期的英格兰十分盛行， 从此以后许多作家对其进行模仿创作。历史上最为知名的民谣集之一为恰尔德收集出版的 英格兰和苏格兰流行歌谣 。 Epic(史诗史诗) An epic is a long oral narrative poem that operates on a grand sca
4、le and deals with legendary or historical events of national or universal significance .Most epics deal with the exploits of a single individual and also interlace the main narrative with myths, legends, folk tales and past events; there is a composite effect, the entire culture of a country coherin
5、g in the overall experience of the poem . Epic poems are not merely entertaining stories of legendary or historical heroes; they summarize and express the nature or ideals of an entire nation at a significant or crucial period of its history. 史诗是长篇口头叙事诗，内容广泛，通常以重要传说或者重大历史事件 为题材。大部分的史诗歌颂个人的英雄事迹，同时也在叙
6、述中插入神话、传说、民间故事以 及历史事件；一个民族的整体文化与全诗所讲的经历紧密联系，造成一种复合的效果。史诗 不仅仅是愉悦人的传奇故事或者历史英雄事迹，它们总结以及表达了一个民族在其历史上一 个重要或者关键时期的本质或者理想。Humanism(人文主义人文主义) Broadly, this term suggests any attitude which tends to exalt the human element or stress the importance of human interests, as opposed to the supernatural , divine e
7、lements -or as opposed to the grosser, animal elements.In a more specific sense, humanism suggests a devotion to those studies supposed to promote human culture most effectively-in particular, those dealing with the life,thought, language, and literature of ancient Greece and Rome. It proclaimed tha
8、t man is the most important noble creature in the world; the goal of life is to enjoy oneself in this present world instead of afterlife. According to the humanists ; both man and world are hindered by external checks from infinite improvement. Man could mould the world according to his desires, and
9、 attain happiness by removing all external checks by the exercise of reason. In literary history the most important use of the term is to designate the revival of classical culture which accompanied the Renaissance. 这个术语广义上是指一切提升人类因素或重视人类利益， 反对超自然的、超人的因素或反对粗野的、动物的因素的态度。更确切地来讲，人文主义意 味着投身到最有效地促进人类文化的研
10、究当中特别涉及到古希腊和罗马的生活、思想、 语言和文学的研究。人文主义宣称人是世界上最高贵的动物；生活的目标就是要享受现世的 生活而不是期望来世。人文主义学者认为，只有外部阻碍才能阻止人类和世界的无限进步， 人类可以根据自己的欲望来改造世界，并且可以通过理智的锻炼驱除外部障碍来获得幸福。 文学史中，用到这个术语的最重要时刻是指文艺复兴时期对古典文化的复兴。 Renaissance(文艺复兴文艺复兴) The word “renaissance” means rebirth or revival. It is commonly applied to the movement or period
11、in western civilization , which marks the transition from the 2medieval to the modern world . It sprang up first in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe, the date differing for different countries. The Renaissance indicates a revival of classical (Greek and Roman) arts and
12、sciences after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism. The study and propagation of classical learning and art was carried on by the progressive thinkers of the humanists. They held their chief interest not in ecclesiastical knowledge, but in man, his environment and doings and his brave fight for t
13、he emancipation of man from the tyranny of the church and religious dogmas. Because in the ancient Greek and Roman mythology were found the ideas of universal love, respect to human beings and approval of mans power, ability and knowledge. And at the same time worldly enjoyment on the earth was affi
14、rmed. In short, man became the center of the world instead of God as upheld in the Middle Ages. The Renaissance Movement is a great revolution carried out in the fourteenth to the mid-seventeenth century Europe. It broke the chain and bondage of feudal and theological ties and brought human wisdom a
15、nd capacity into full play. Renaissance 这个词意思是“复活”或“复兴” 。文艺复兴通常指的是西 方文明中的一场运动或一个时期，标志着中世纪向现代社会的过渡。这场运动 14 世纪始发于 意大利，后逐渐传遍欧洲各国，其具体时间因国而异。文艺复兴是指从中世纪蒙昧主义的黑 暗中解脱出来后对古典（希腊和罗马）艺术和科学的复兴。对古典学问和艺术的研究和普及 工作是由人文主义者中的进步思想家进行的。他们把主要的兴趣不是放在教会知识上，而是 放在人类、人的生存环境与活动以及人类为了从教堂和宗教教条的桎梏中解放出来的斗争上。 他们在古希腊和罗马神话中找到了博爱的思想、对人
16、类的尊重以及对人类的力量、能力和知 识的承认，同时，也肯定了现世的享乐。简言之，世界的中心是人类自身，再也不是中世纪 时期的上帝。文艺复兴运动是欧洲从十四世纪到十七世纪中期期间的一场伟大的运动。这场 运动打破了封建枷锁和神学束缚，充分发挥了人类的智慧和能力。 Ode(颂歌颂歌) Long, often elaborate formal lyric poem of varying line lengths dealing with a subject matter and treating it reverently. It aims at glorifying an individual, commemorating an event, or describing nature intellectually rather than emotionally. Conventionally, many odes are written or dedicated to
