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1、现在我们看一看菲茨罗伊教授的这段谈话：现在我们看一看菲茨罗伊教授的这段谈话：It is true in lots of industries, large plants can make goods much cheaper than small plants. And insome industries we can see a movement towards increasing economies of scale. In other words,the minimum size of plant or the most economic size of plant is gettin
2、g larger and larger.的确在很多行业中，大工厂能够以比小工厂低得多的成本生产产品。在有些行业中我们可以看到“规 模 经 济”不断增加的趋势。换句话说，就是工厂的最小规模或者说工厂的最经济的规模变得越来越大。Another necessary condition for globalisation is the increasing homogeneity of consumer tastes.There are an increasing number of consumers in Brazil; who have almost precisely the same set
3、 ofneeds and requirements as consumers in Germany. So consequently it becomes easier for aproducer to try to cater to the needs of both markets, because the market differences have nowreally diminished to a point where they virtually dont exist.全球化的另一必要条件是顾客的品味日益趋于一致。在巴西有越来多的顾客，他们的需要和要求与德国顾客的几乎完全一样。
4、这种趋势使生产者能更容易地迎合两个市场的需要，因为市场的差别现在实际上已缩小到几乎不存在的程度。Another explanation for globalisation is the behaviour of governments. Historically, there have beenbarriers to trade that have been put up by governments. Particularly since the Second World War,inter-government bodies such as the GATT and the World T
5、rade Organisation have reallyencouraged governments to liberalise trade, which means to remove political barriers, so that tradeliberalisation has been again an important necessary condition for globalisation.促进全球化的另一原因是政府的行为。历史上各国政府曾设置贸易障碍。但是从二次大战以来，各种政府间的组织如关税及贸易总协定和世界贸易组织实际上一直鼓励各国政府允许贸易自由化，也就是消除政
6、治障碍。因此贸易自由化也是经济全球化的一个必要的条件。莫纳什大学经济学副教授特雷西补充说，莫纳什大学经济学副教授特雷西补充说，multinational corporations，跨国公司的发展，跨国公司的发展也是经济全球化的因素之一。也是经济全球化的因素之一。First of all, by multinational enterprises I mean those firms that produce and market their productsin two or more countries. Now those sort of companies dominate in the
7、 more capital intensiveindustries such as automobiles, consumer electronics, chemicals, pharmaceuticals and so on.跨国公司指的是在两个或两个以上国家生产和销售它们产品的公司。现在这类公司在资本密集产业中占了统治地位，如汽车、民用电子、化工和制药行业等等。I see multinationals as one of the main agents through which globalisation takes place. Theycertainly play a major r
8、ole in the movement of capital world-wide. We see that foreign directinvestment has been growing roughly three times as fast as total investment.我认为跨国公司是形成全球化进程的主要中介之一。它们在资本全球流动方面扮演着重要角色。我们看到外国直接投资的增长速度大约是总投资额增长速度的三倍。Having said that, few firms are really truly global. Most firms still remain firmly
9、 rooted in theirdomestic economies, although the number of those truly global firms is certainly increasing.不过，尽管真正全球性公司的数目在不断增加，并没有多少公司是真正的全球性跨国公司。大多数的公司还都深深扎根于自己国家的经济中。在结束这一讲之前我们再复习一遍遇到的一些词汇：在结束这一讲之前我们再复习一遍遇到的一些词汇：1 economies of scale 规模经济2 homogeneity 同种，同一3 cater to the need of 迎合的需要4 barrier 障碍
10、5 trade liberalisation 贸易自由化6 multinational enterprises 跨国公司，多国企业7 dominate 支配，控制8 capital intensive industries 资本密集产业9 agent 中介，动力10 movement of capital 资本流动先我们来听一段澳广金融节目主持人巴里克拉克关于全球化问题的谈话：先我们来听一段澳广金融节目主持人巴里克拉克关于全球化问题的谈话：Few days go by without a mention of globalisation in the media. Whilst we are
11、all aware thatglobalisation is affecting our lives, our attitudes to it differ widely. 新闻媒介几乎每天都会提到“全球化”。尽管我们都意识到全球化影响了我们的生活，但我 们对全球化的看法却相去甚远。For some, globalisation is the way to a better future, offering gains through specialisation accordingto comparative advantage and an opportunity for developi
12、ng countries to raise their livingstandards.有些人认为，全球化是通向更加美好未来的途径，通过“相对优势”论达成的专业化生产使 各国获利，同时也为发展中国家提供了提高生活水平的机会。On the other hand, critics hold globalisation responsible for a variety of social problems: for highunemployment in the industrialised world, for pressure on wage levels and for the presen
13、t instabilityin financial markets. 另一方面，持批评看法的人认为全球化造成了一系列的社会问题，如工业化各国的高失业 率、工资水平受到的压力以及目前金融市场的不稳定等等。那么到底是什么因素推动了全球化进程的快速发展呢？澳大利亚墨尔本莫纳什大学市场学那么到底是什么因素推动了全球化进程的快速发展呢？澳大利亚墨尔本莫纳什大学市场学 系主任菲茨罗伊教授认为，通讯和交通费用的降低是主要的因素：系主任菲茨罗伊教授认为，通讯和交通费用的降低是主要的因素：In 1945, if you had wanted to fly from Melbourne to London it
14、would have cost you something liketwo years average industrial wages. If you want to do that in the late 1990s, it will cost you aboutthree weeks average industrial wage. So theres been an enormous decline in transport cost. 在 1945 年，如果你想从墨尔本飞到伦敦，飞机票的价钱大约等于两年的平均行业工资。 但是到了一九九十年代末期，同样的机票只相当于三个星期的平均行业工
15、资。因此交通运 输费用已大大降低。What that means is that it maybe cheaper to produce a good in, lets say, the United Kingdom andship it to Australia, rather than to produce it in Australia. So it changes the fundamental economicsof the industry. 这意味着也许在英国生产某种产品再把它运送到澳大利亚比在澳大利亚生产还要便宜。所 以它改变了工业经济学的基本原理。Another develo
16、pment that facilitates globalisation is the rise of communications. Historically again,distance has been a major impediment to the co-ordination and management of organisations.With the tremendous developments in both computing and communications, cost has reallydeclined substantially. Again, quoting some data, in 1930 a phone call from New York to Londoncost something of the order of $300, today it costs something like a dollar. 促进全球化进程的另一原因是通讯的发展。再从历史上来看，距离一直是组织机构进行协 调管理的一个
