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1、外文资料翻译Spring 开发框架的发展The Spring Framework is an open source application framework for the Java platform 1 The first version was written by Rod Johnson who released the framework with the publication of his book Expert One-on-One J2EE Design and Development in October 2002. The framework was first rel
2、eased under the Apache 2.0 license in June 2003. The first milestone release, 1.0, was released in March 2004, with further milestone releases in September 2004 and March 2005. The Spring 1.2.6 framework won a Jolt productivity award and a JAX Innovation Award in 2006.23 In December 2009 version 3.0
3、 GA was released. The current version is 3.0.2.4 The core features of the Spring Framework can be used by any Java application, but there are extensions for building web applications on top of the Java EE platform. Although the Spring Framework does not impose any specific programming model, it has
4、become popular in the Java community as an alternative to, replacement for, or even addition to the Enterprise JavaBean (EJB) model. VMware acquired SpringSource for approximately $362 million in cash and equity plus the assumption of approximately $58 million of unvested stock and options on Septem
5、ber 16, 2009 (total $420 million).5 The Spring Framework comprises several modules that provide a range of services:Inversion of Control container: configuration of application components and lifecycle management of Java objects Aspect-oriented programming: enables implementation of cross-cutting ro
6、utines Data access: working with relational database management systems on the Java platform using JDBC and object-relational mapping tools Transaction management: unifies several transaction management APIs and coordinates transactions for Java objects Model-view-controller: a HTTP and Servlet-base
7、d framework providing hooks for extension and customization Remote Access framework: configurative RPC-style export and import of Java objects over networks supporting RMI, CORBA and HTTP-based protocols including web services (SOAP) Convention-over-configuration: a rapid application development sol
8、ution for Spring-based enterprise applications is offered in the Spring Roo module Batch processing: a framework for high-volume processing featuring reusable functions including logging/tracing, transaction management, job processing statistics, job restart, skip, and resource management Authentica
9、tion and authorization: configurable security processes that support a range of standards, protocols, tools and practices via the Spring Security sub-project (formerly Acegi Security System for Spring). Remote Management: configurative exposure and management of Java objects for local or remote conf
10、iguration via JMX Messaging: configurative registration of message listener objects for transparent message consumption from message queues via JMS, improvement of message sending over standard JMS APIs Testing: support classes for writing unit tests and integration tests edit Inversion of Control c
11、ontainer Central to the Spring Framework is its Inversion of Control container, which provides a consistent means of configuring and managing Java objects using callbacks. The container is responsible for managing object lifecycles: creating objects, calling initialization methods, and configuring o
12、bjects by wiring them together. Objects created by the container are also called Managed Objects or Beans. Typically, the container is configured by loading XML files containing Bean definitions which provide the information required to create the beans. Objects can be obtained by means of Dependenc
13、y lookup or Dependency injection. Dependency lookup is a pattern where a caller asks the container object for an object with a specific name or of a specific type. Dependency injection is a pattern where the container passes objects by name to other objects, via either constructors, properties, or f
14、actory methods. In many cases its not necessary to use the container when using other parts of the Spring Framework, although using it will likely make an application easier to configure and customize. The Spring container provides a consistent mechanism to configure applications and integrates with
15、 almost all Java environments, from small-scale applications to large enterprise applications. The container can be turned into a partially-compliant EJB3 container by means of the Pitchfork project. The Spring Framework is criticized by some as not being standards compliant.6 However, SpringSource
16、doesnt see EJB3 compliance as a major goal, and claims that the Spring Framework and the container allow for more powerful programming models.7 edit Aspect-oriented programming framework The Spring Framework has its own AOP framework which modularizes cross-cutting concerns in aspects. The motivation for creating a separate AOP framework comes from the belief that it would be possible to provide basic AOP features without t
