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1、1如何做阅读理解中的主题概括类试题如何做阅读理解中的主题概括类试题安徽蚌埠二中 马爱军 在 NMET 阅读理解中，考查考生主题概括能力的试题占有重要地位。掌握所读材料的主 旨和大意也是英语课程标准和考试说明对考生的基本要求之一。只有通过阅读掌 握了文章的主题，才能正确理解文章，进而根据文章的事实细节推测作者的态度和观点。 主旨大意题主要考查学生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力。根据多年的高考及备 考实践，我们可以分析出阅读理解主旨类题目的一般范围是：基本论点、文章标题、主题 或段落大意等。它要求考生在理解全文的基础上对文章进行高度的概括或总结，要求能较 好地运用概念、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维
2、的方法，属于高层次题。 拟题大致有以下一些提问方式： The text is mainly about _. The main ideaThe general ideaThe main purpose is Whats the main point the writer is trying to make in the last paragraph? What would be the best title /headline for the text? This article mainly tells bout the story of _. What is the topic of th
3、e text? The writers purpose in writing this story is _. The subject discussed in this text is _. What does the second paragraph discuss? The paragraph (passage) deals with _. Which of the following best summarizes the passage？ 从以上具体的提问形式可知此类题目可概括为两大类，即怎样理解段落及文章整体的中 心思想和怎样拟定或选择恰当的文章标题。下面结合高考题实例来具体分析此
4、类题目的解 题技巧。 一一. .怎样理解段落及文章整体的主题大意。怎样理解段落及文章整体的主题大意。 文章是由段落组成的。段落是发展一个主题（topic）的一群句子，段落的主题就是 段落的中心思想。而就一整篇文章而言，具体段落的中心思想又是为文章整体的中心思想 服务的。 寻找具体段落的中心思想的方法是：通过分析篇章结构，找出每小段的主题句， 通过主题句找出文章主题。主题句通常有这样的特点：有一个话题（topic）；有阐述 控制性概念（controlling idea），偶尔也可在一段中间；有的文章无明显主题句，主题 句隐含在段意之中，这就需要读者进一步加工概括了。 1.1.寻找主题句、确定文章
5、主题寻找主题句、确定文章主题 在许多情况下，尤其在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章特点我们可以通过寻找短 文的主题句来归纳出文章的主题。主题句在文章中的位置通常有三种情况：开头、中间、 结尾（含在开头结尾同时出现、首尾呼应的主题句）。因此仔细阅读这类文章或段落的首 尾句是关键。做主旨大意类试题多采用浏览法（skimming），浏览时，一般不需逐句浏览， 只选读文章的首段, 尾段, 或每段的首句和尾句。重点搜索主题线索和主题信息。 例如，2004 上海高考试题阅读 C 篇： We are all interested in equality, but while some people try
6、to protect the school and examination system in the name of equality, others, still in the name of equality, want only to destroy it.Any society which is interested in equality of opportunity and standards of achievement must 2regularly test its pupils. The standards may be changedno examination is
7、perfectbut to have to tests or examinations would mean the end of equality and of standards. There are groups of people who oppose this view and who do not believe either in examinations or in any controls in school or on teachers. This would mean that everything would depend on luck since every pup
8、il would depend on the efficiency, the values and the purpose of each teacher.Without examinations, employers will look for employees from the highly respected schools and from families known to thema form of favourtism will replace equality. At the moment, the bright child from an illrespected scho
9、ol can show certificates to prove he or she is suitable for a job, while the lake of certificate indicates the unsuitability of a dull child attending a well respected school. This defend of excellence and opportunity would disappear if examinations were taken away, and the bright child form a poor
10、family would be a prisoner of his or her schools reputation, unable to compete for employment with the child from the favoured school.The opponents of the examination system suggest that examinations are an evil force because they show differences between pupils. According to these people, there mus
11、t be no special, different, academic class. They have even suggested that there should be no form of difference in sport or any other area: all jobs or posts should be filled by unsystematic selection. The selection would be made by people who themselves are probably selected by some computer. 85. T
12、he passage mainly focuses on _. A. schools and certificates B. examination and equality C. opportunity and employment D. standards and reputation 主题分析：文章第一句 We are all interested in equality, but while some people try to protect the school and examination system in the name of equality, others, stil
13、l in the name of equality, want only to destroy it.即点明文章的主题句：从正反两方面讨论考试作为一种生学 就业的手段的公平性及其合理性。所以第 85 题答案为 B“考试与公平” 。 有些文章的主题句或者说“文眼”出现在文章的最后，此类文章往往以列举事实开 头，通过论证，最后阐述核心观点，或者引用某个人的话印证自己的观点，以此归纳文章 的主旨大意，所以有时要找出这样的信息，从中提炼标题或归纳大意。 例如，2003 上海 D 篇 Many experts complain that media too often take advantage of
14、 the science fiction aspects of nanotech（纳米技术）.Reports of nanotech often refer to K. Eric Drexlers book Engines of Creations , which predicts an age full of dominant molecular （分子的）manufacturing and a world without material scarcity . Whatever humans need will one day be built cheaply with microscop
15、ic self-replicating machines （微细自我复制机）that put atoms together to crate copies of anything alive in the world-from trees to human bodies . In fact , the scientific community is deeply divided over whether self-replication machines are possible . If they are , major dangers could exist . Mr. Drexler h
16、imself thought that self- replicating machines could probably go out of control . He writes in his book that man-made “plants” with “leaves no more efficient than todays solar cells could win over real plants ,crowding the earth with leaves that are not suitable to be eaten . Tough bacteria could be more competitive than the real bacteria : They could spread everywhere , replicate swiftl
