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1、毕业论文（设计）外文翻译外文题目：New Science, Technology and Innovation Developments In India 出 处： Supporting Science Mehta and Sama, 2001) show that there has been little change in R&D intensity of Indian industry, there has been a clear shift toward increased product development and innovation (Krishnan and Prabh
2、a, 1999). This has been accompanied by increased awareness of intellectual property (IP) rights and, by implication, the importance of patenting. According to the US Patent Office, of the ten India-based organizations which filed the largest number of US patents in the 1995-2000 period, three are In
3、dian pharmaceutical companies. The CSIR has also been filing patents in India and the US, all this result of new outward-looking policies.4. Science and Technology Policy in Relation to the Multilateral SystemIndia is a founder member of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 1947 and its
4、 successor, the World Trade Organisation (WTO), which came into effect on January 1 1995, after the conclusion of the Uruguay Round of multilateral trade negotiations. Indias participation is based on the need to ensure more stability and predictability in international trade with a view to achievin
5、g more trade and prosperity for itself and the other members of the WTO. The multilateral trading system administered by the WTO aims to bring about orderliness, transparency and predictability in global trade through reductions in tariffs, progressive removal of non-tariff barriers, elimination of
6、trade-distorting measures and systems of values to serve as guidelines for national legislation to bring about uniformity in laws and regulations everywhere.The establishment of the WTO has created a forum for continuous negotiations to reconcile differing and oftentimes conflicting interests of mem
7、bers. Although there is unanimity in the provisions of International Trade theory that free trade enhances global welfare, nationalism and differing goals as well as the appropriation of the benefits of trade lead to many disagreements and conflicts within the global trading system. Conflicts arise
8、between developed and developing countries (as a result of differing developmental needs and goals) and even between developed or developing country blocs. India strongly subscribes to the multilateral approach to trade relations and grants MFN treatment to all its trading partners, including even t
9、hose, which are non-members of the WTO. Within the WTO, India has committed itself to ensuring that the sectors in which developing countries hold a comparative advantage are adequately opened up to international trade and also that the special Differential Treatment Provisions for developing countr
10、ies under various WTO Agreements are translated into specific enforceable dispensations in order that developing countries are facilitated in their developmental efforts.5. The Future of Science and Technology Policy in IndiaIndia has achieved world-class excellence in a number of science-intensive
11、sectors such as nuclear power, satellite communications and defense. Since nearly half of R&D spending is incurred in theses sectors, the Government has been concerned to enhance the spin-offs from these investments as well as encourage technology transfers between these research centers and between
12、 the centers and the wider industry. India can also be described as truly scientifically-proficient in many other years.6. Summary and Implications for EU-wide S&T PolicyThe prosperity of any economy depends on the productivity of its economic assets. Many studies have shown the vital role technolog
13、ical innovation plays in engendering productivity growth and long-run economic growth, and in determining a nations standard of living. In a globalizing world economy, the link between innovative capacity and prosperity has grown ever tighter and a rapid rate of innovation is needed to drive product
14、ivity growth. Advanced countries are becoming increasingly labor-constrained. Maintaining economic growth will, therefore, demand a stepped-up rate of innovation, and perhaps, the importation of skilled labor from other countries, as has been witnessed in some countries in recent years. Economic dev
15、elopment in developing countries will in a similar vein depend on a more efficient use of resources as well as stepped-up innovation.Like other countries, India in its quest to achieve industrialization and improve the quality of life of its people, has fostered an Industrial and S&T policy since th
16、e early years of independence. Although it has achieved much progress in the area of science and technology, a policy of isolationism and a failure to develop an appropriate mix of the determinants of an effective NIS, has meant that today, Indias performance is much lower than would have been the case otherwise. The poor performance started in the late 1960s. In the protected regime that India went for, it could not build capacity to innovate an
