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1、大豆常见病害大豆常见病害病害较多 真菌病：有为害暗叶部的斑枯病、灰斑病、霜霉病和锈病等，其中霜霉病遍及各地；为 害根、茎的有疫腐病、菌核病和炭疽病。疫腐病以抗病育种；其它靠轮作法防治。为害子 粒的有紫斑病和黑点病，药剂拌种防治。 细菌病：有斑点病和斑疹病，有的可用抗病育种防治。 病毒病：种类多，中国长江流域和黄淮平原以花叶病毒流行广、为害重。采用无病毒种 子、消灭媒介昆虫及抗病育种防治。 大豆孢囊线虫病、根结线虫病：采用合理轮作和抗病育种防治。主要虫害有食心虫、草 地螟、豆荚螟、豆秆蝇、豆秆黑潜蝇、红蜘蛛和蚜虫等，以药剂防治为主。菟丝子在黄淮 平原为害甚烈，采用清选种子、生物防治和轮作防治。
2、大豆锈病大豆锈病 已发现的病害有 30 余种，其中真菌性病害最多，病毒类主要是大豆花叶病毒，线虫病主要 为孢囊线虫和根结线虫。大豆锈病、炭疽病、细菌性斑疹病等，在南方发生较重。北方春 大豆区霜霉病、灰斑病、细菌性斑点病、孢囊线虫病发生普遍。大豆病毒病在各大豆栽培 区都有发生 为害大豆粒荚 ： 紫斑病 Cercospora kikuchii、轮纹病 Ascochyta glycines、赤霉病 Fusarium avenacearum(Fusarium roseum、Fusarium semitectum)、荚枯病 Macrophoma mame、炭疽病 Colletotrichum glyci
3、nes、黑痘病 Sphaceloma glycines。 叶部病害主要有： 霜霉病 Peronospora manshurica、灰斑病 Cercospora sojina、褐纹病 Septoria glycines、黑斑 病 Alternaria brassicae var.phaseoli Alternaria fasciculata Alernaria tenuissima、锈病 Phakopsora pachyrhizi、白粉病 Erysiphe polygoni、细菌性斑点病 Pseudomonas glycinea、细 菌性斑疹病 Xanthomonas phaseoli var.
4、 sojense、大豆花叶病 Soybean mosaic virus(SMV)等。 茎秆部病害有 ： 菌核病 Sclerotinia sclerotiorum、黑点病 Phomopsis sojac(Diaporthe phaseolorum)、纹枯病 Pellicularia sasakii。 根部病害有： 立枯病 Rhizoctonia solani、猝倒病 Pythium debaryanum、枯萎病 Fusarium bulbigenum (F.oxysporum)。 紫斑病 紫斑病紫斑病 还有孢囊线虫 Heterodera glycines 主要发生在黑龙江、吉林、辽宁、内蒙古、河
5、北、山东、 河南等省(自治区)。根疫病 Phytophthora magasperma var.sojae 是美国的主要病害，中国尚 未发现。是检疫对象。大豆病害的防治以抗病品种为主的综合防治措施。药剂防治：在 30 余种大豆病害中，由种 子带菌为初次侵染源的占 60%左右，药剂拌种能减少病害的侵染源，而且对苗期病害也有 防治效果。如福美双 0.3%拌种，可防治大豆霜霉病和灰斑病。叶部病害如霜霉病、灰斑病， 根部病害如孢囊线虫病等，均可用药剂进行有效防治；农业措施防治，采取合理轮作，如 防治大豆孢囊线虫病，实行大豆与禾谷类作物或非寄生作物 3-5 年轮作，减少虫源。种前 通过选种；建立无病种子
6、田，对防治霜霉病、紫斑病、灰斑病，大豆花叶病毒效果较好。 中耕除草，排除田间积水，能减轻大豆觖病和根部病害的发生。增施有机肥，适时灌水， 可减轻孢囊线虫病的为害。清除田间杂草，亦可减少大豆花叶病毒等病害。 防治措施 大豆的病虫害对大豆的正常生长危害很大，严重时减产损失达 30%以上。大豆的病害有： 大豆根腐病、线虫病、灰斑病、褐纹病、霜霉病等，虫害有潜根蝇、大豆蚜虫、食心虫等。防治办法：事前预防，选无病优良品种，整地时进行土壤灭菌杀虫处理；在发病前喷 施灭菌防虫药剂+新高脂膜 800 倍液可有效预防病虫害发生；在病虫害发生期，要按植保 要求喷施针对性药剂+新高脂膜 800 倍液进行灭杀。Dis
7、ease more fungal disease: damage dark leaves leaf blight, gray leaf spot, downy mildew and rust, which downy mildew everywhere; , damage roots and stems of Phytophthora rot, Sclerotinia and anthrax. Phytophthora rot disease resistance breeding; rely on crop rotation prevention. Peliosis and black sp
8、ot disease damage grain, Yaojibanzhong prevention. bacterial diseases: scab and spotted disease, and some are available prevention and control of disease resistance breeding. (3) virus disease: many kinds of the Yangtze River in China and the Huang-Huai plain mosaic virus widely popular heavy damage
9、. The seed virus, the eradication of the insect vector, and the prevention and control of disease resistance breeding. soybean cyst nematode, ,root-knot nematode disease: the rotation system and the prevention and control of disease resistance breeding. Major pest moth, meadow moth, pod borer, bean
10、stalk flies the bean stalk black maggot, spider mites and aphids, chemical control. Dodder damage even in the Huang-Huai Plain of intense cleaning seed, prevention and control of biological control and crop rotation. Soybean Rust Soybean Rust Disease have been found more than 30 species, most fungal
11、 diseases, viruses, mainly soybean mosaic virus, the nematode cyst nematode and root-knot nematodes. Soybean rust, anthracnose, bacterial rash diseases such as occurred in the south heavier. The North the spring soybean District downy mildew, gray leaf spot, bacterial spot, , cyst nematode occurs ge
12、nerally. Soybean virus disease have occurred in soybean cultivation area Infestation of soybean seed pod : Peliosis the Cercospora kikuchii, ring rot Ascochyta glycines scab of Fusarium avenacearum (of Fusarium roseum, Fusarium semitectum) the pods blight Macrophoma mame, anthracnose Colletotrichum
13、glycines, anthracnose Sphaceloma glycines. Leaf disease: Downy mildew Peronospora manshurica, gray spot disease Cercospora sojina, brown grain disease Septoria glycines, black spot of Alternaria brassicae, var.phaseoli of Alternaria fasciculata Alernaria tenuissima rust Phakopsora pachyrhizi, powder
14、y mildew Erysiphe polygoni of Pseudomonas glycinea, bacterial spot, bacterial spot exanthema Xanthomonas phaseoli var. sojense, soybean mosaic virus Soybean mosaic virus (SMV). Stem Ministry of diseases have : Sclerotinia Sclerotinia sclerotiorum black spot disease the Phomopsis sojac (Diaporthe pha
15、seolorum), sheath blight Pellicularia sasakii. Root diseases: Blight Rhizoctonia solani, damping-off disease Pythium debaryanum, to wilt the Fusarium bulbigenum (F.oxysporum). Peliosis Peliosis Peliosis There cyst nematode Heterodera glycines occurs mainly in Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Inner Mon
16、golia, Hebei, Shandong, Henan and other provinces (autonomous regions). The roots blight Phytophthora magasperma var.sojae is a major disease in the United States, China has not yet found. Quarantine objects. Soybean disease prevention and treatment resistant varieties based comprehensive prevention and control measures. Chemical control: 30 kinds of soybean diseases by seed infection accoun
