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1、 工学硕士学位论文工学硕士学位论文 厌氧和好氧 MBR 处理生活污水的运行效果 及膜污染特性比较研究 COMPARISON OF TREATMENT PERFORMANCE AND FOULING CHARACTERISTIC BETWEEN AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC MEMBRANE BIOREACTOR FOR DOMESTIC WASTEWATER TREATMENT 纪超纪超 哈尔滨工业大学哈尔滨工业大学 2011 年年 6 月月 国内图书分类号：X703.1 学校代码：10213 国际图书分类号：628 密级：公开 工学硕士学位论文工学硕士学位论文 厌氧和好氧 MB
2、R 处理生活污水的运行效果 及膜污染特性比较研究 硕 士 研 究 生： 纪超 导 师： 田禹教授 申请学位： 工学硕士 学科： 环境科学与工程 所 在 单 位： 市政环境工程学院 答 辩 日 期： 2011 年 6 月 授予学位单位： 哈尔滨工业大学 Classified Index：X703.1 U.D.C：628 Dissertation for the Master Degree in Engineering COMPARISON OF TREATMENT PERFORMANCE AND FOULING CHARACTERISTIC BETWEEN AEROBIC AND ANAEROB
3、IC MEMBRANE BIOREACTOR FOR DOMESTIC WASTEWATER TREATMENT Candidate： Ji Chao Supervisor： Prof. Tian Yu Academic Degree Applied for： Master of Engineering Speciality： Environmental Sci. and Eng. Affiliation： School of Muni. & Env. Eng. Date of Defence： June, 2011 Degree-Conferring-Institution： Harbin
4、Institute of Technology 哈尔滨工业大学工学硕士学位论文 - I - 摘 要 厌氧 MBR 作为厌氧生物处理与膜过滤的结合技术， 不仅保留了厌氧技术投资少、能耗低、污泥产量低、可产生沼气能源等特点，而且从根本上解决了厌氧微生物流失的问题，实现了 SRT 和 HRT 的分离，有效提高了厌氧技术的出水效果。近年来，国内外广泛开展了利用厌氧 MBR 处理高浓度有机废水的研究，然而涉及低浓度有机废水和膜污染机理的研究却很少， 在很大程度上限制了厌氧 MBR 的发展。 本实验分别利用厌氧和好氧 MBR 对模拟生活污水进行处理， 研究比较了不同HRT 下， 厌氧和好氧 MBR 的运行
5、效果及膜污染特性， 并从污泥特性和微生物代谢产物角度分析了二者膜污染差异的主要原因， 提出了厌氧 MBR 膜污染的动态过程，对厌氧 MBR 的膜污染控制提出了建议和方法。 结果表明，厌氧 MBR 具有较高的 COD 去除效果，但受厌氧微生物代谢速度的限制，厌氧 MBR 的处理效果略低于好氧 MBR。当 HRT=10h 时，出水 COD 为49mg/L， 去除率高达 90%， 略低于好氧 MBR 的 94%， 达到中水回用的基本要求。COD 的衡算结果表明，厌氧 MBR 从整体上提高了厌氧微生物对有机物的降解能力，但产甲烷能力较低，膜对有机物的截留量高于好氧 MBR。在脱氮除磷效果方面，厌氧 M
6、BR 的 NH4+-N 去除率达到 45%，低于好氧 MBR 的 98%，而磷酸盐的去除率却明显高于好氧 MBR，达到 50%，分析认为厌氧微生物代谢过程对氨氮和磷酸盐的利用、 生物脱氮作用以及膜表面磷酸盐的沉积是厌氧 MBR 实现脱氮除磷的主要原因。 实验过程中，厌氧 MBR 的膜污染速度始终快于好氧 MBR。膜阻力分析结果表明，膜表面泥饼层的迅速形成，是导致厌氧 MBR 迅速膜污染的最主要原因。通过对两套 MBR 的污泥特性和微生物代谢产物进行比较，发现厌氧 MBR 中较多的小颗粒污泥不仅促进了泥饼层的迅速形成，而且使其结构更为致密均匀。此外，SMP 和 EPS 中蛋白质与膜污染也有显著的
7、正相对性，它们会不断向膜表面沉积，对泥饼层起到了压实作用，降低了泥饼层的孔隙率，促进了厌氧 MBR 的膜污染。 由本文的研究对厌氧 MBR 膜污染的动态过程提出如下假设：厌氧 MBR 启动初期，小颗粒污泥会优先在膜表面沉积，形成致密的泥饼层，进而改变膜表面的疏水性和带电性， 促进了污泥颗粒、 胶体以及溶解性物质在膜表面的进一步沉积，导致膜阻力迅速增加；随着厌氧污泥黏度的下降，膜表面流体的湍流程度增大，污染物在膜表面的沉积受到抑制，厌氧 MBR 进入缓慢污染的阶段；颗粒污泥的破碎释放大量 EPS，导致上清液 SMP 不断积累，大量蛋白质类物质沉积到泥饼层的哈尔滨工业大学工学硕士学位论文 - II
8、 - 孔隙中，不断压实泥饼层，迅速降低泥饼层的透水性，最终引发严重膜污染。 传统的曝气冲刷不仅不利于厌氧 MBR 膜污染控制， 还会降低厌氧微生物代谢活性，并极大提高了运行成本。厌氧 MBR 的膜污染控制应该从反应器的结构、膜组件的位置以及膜污染的预测和模拟着手，在保证厌氧颗粒污泥活性的基础上实现膜污染的前端控制，充分发挥厌氧 MBR 高效节能的特点。 关键词：厌氧膜生物反应器；模拟生活污水；微生物代谢产物；膜污染 哈尔滨工业大学工学硕士学位论文 - III - Abstract As a new technology combining anaerobic biological treatm
9、ent and membrane filtration system, anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) has many advantages such as lower investment, lower energy consumption, lower sludge production and biogas generation. Equally important, complete biomass retention thoroughly decouples the SRT from the HRT, allowing anaerobic
10、 biomass concentrations to increase in the basin, thus higher treatment ability can be achieved. Recently, many researches have been carried out about the use of AnMBR, most of which are focused on the treatment of high-strengrh wastewater, only a few related to low-strength wastewater treatment and
11、 membrane fouling in AnMBR, so the widely application of AnMBR was limited due to the uneven development. Two identical submerged membrane bioreactors (aerobic vs. anaerobic) with hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 14, 10, 6 hours and solids retention time (SRT) of 280 days were studied for their ab
12、ility and fouling characteristics to treat synthetic domestic wastewater. Comparison of sludge properties and microbial metabolites from the two systems was made to elucidate major factors governing the different membrane fouling characteristics. An assumption was proposed about the dynamic proesss
13、of membrane fouling in AnMBR, which could help to control the fouling effectively. The results showed that: AnMBR has very high COD removal efficiency，which is slightly lower than that for AMBR due to the metabolic features of anaerobic microorganisms. The effluent COD of AnMBR is 49mg/L under the H
14、RT of 10h, achieving the basic requirement of water reuse. The COD mass balance indicated that high biomass concentration can be achieved in AnMBR, which leads to high COD removal efficiency. In addition, high hydraulic shear force could reduce the acticity of microorganisms that, in turn, leads the
15、 reduction in biogas production and a large number of organics are intercepted by membrane in AnMBR. The NH4+-N removal of in AnMBR and AMBR was 45% and 98%, respectively. The removal efficiency of PO43-P in AnMBR was about 50%, which is high than that for AMBR. The metabolism utilization of nitroge
16、n and phosphates, phosphates deposition on membrane surface were the main reason for nitrogen and phosphorus removal in AnMBR. The rate of membrane fouling for AnMBR was faster than that for AMBR. The results of membrane resistance analysis showed that the rapid deposition of cakelayer 哈尔滨工业大学工学硕士学位论文 - IV - on membrane was the main reason governing the rapid fouling in AnMBR. Further analys
