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1、英语词汇学串讲 日期：2004-3-24 作者：Kevin 英语词汇学串讲内容 （分三讲）第一讲：1.考试题形式分为：.选择题(30 分)：完全是考书中的例子， 理论与例子的结合,也就是 Theory 和 Example 的结合。.填空（10 分）：考特例,不是考简单的ExamplesTheory而是考Exceptions .（10 分） 考试内容：.Types of meaning changes: 词意变化的种类.Types of meaning : 词义的种类，如：概念意义，联想意义，情感意义等。.Languages branches :语系与语族, 语系如：印欧语系；语族如：一个大的
2、语系下分为那几个小的语族，如：日尔曼语族，斯堪的纳维亚语族等。. Feathers of idioms: 习语的特点.(10 分) 考试内容：.Types of Bound Morphemes: 粘着词素的种类.Types of Word Formations: 构词法的种类.Types of Meaning: 词义的种类.Types of Meaning of Idioms:习语涵义的种类. 名词解释 (10 分)：. 简答题 (12 分)：.比较题：两种理论/概念之间的区别就叫比较题，比如说概念意义与联想意义有何区别， 粘着词素与派生词根有何区别， 两种事物与两种理论之间的区别等。.名词解
3、释扩展题：难的名词解释派生的简答题， 如:Affected Meaning 名词解释起来太长了，放在简答题里，就成为： What is Affected Meaning,briefly exemplify it.Optional: 可考可不考的题，往往是给出名词让你举例子.分析题(18 分)：给出例子，让你用理论加以分析。二. 串讲内容：Introduction 部分：Lexicology 这门课算哪一种学科的分支:Lexicology is a branch of linguistics.Lexicology 和那些重要的学科建立了联系:1)Morphology 2) Semantics 3
4、) Stylistics 4) Etymology 5) Lexicography研究 lexicology 的两大方法:1) Diachronic approach : 历时语言学2) Synchronic approach : 共时语言学e.g. wife纵观历时语言学的方法论，woman 词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式？Woman 的词义的变化算 Narrowing or specialization第一章部分：What is word ?词具有哪些特点？词的特点也就是对词的名词解释。1) A word is a minimal free form of a language;2)
5、A sound unity or a given sound ;3) a unit of meaning;4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释词的分类（classification of a word）词根据发音可以分为哪两种词？或者说词根据拼写可以分为哪两类词？1) simple words 2) complex words单音节词例子：e.g. Man and fine are simple多音节词例子：e.g. Management, misfortune, blackmailmanagemen
6、t 可以次划分为 manage 和 -mentmisfortune 可以次划分为 mis- 和 fortuneblackmail 次划分为 black 和 mailWhat is the relationship between sound and meaning?1)There is no logical relationship between the sound and actual thing.e.g. dog. cat2)The relationship between them is conventional.3) In different languages the same c
7、oncept can be represented bydifferent sounds.What is relationship between sound and form?1)The written form of a natural language is the written record ofthe oral form. Naturally the written form should agree with the oralform, such as English language.2)This is fairly true of English in its earlies
8、t stage i.e. Old English3)With the development of the language, more and more differencesoccur between the two.What are the great changes that causes illogical relationship orirregularity between sound and form?1) The internal reason for this is that the English alphabet wasadopted from the Romans,
9、which does not have a separate letter torepresent each sound in the language so that some letters must dodouble duty or work together in combination.2) Another reason is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidlythan spelling over the years, and in some cases the two have drawn farapart.3) A th
10、ird reason is that some of the differences were created by theearly scribes.4) Finally comes the borrowing, which is an important channel ofenriching the English vocabulary.要记住以上四句话中的关键词：1) influenced by Romans2) Pronunciation changed3) early scribes4) borrowing你能不能举出外来语对英语发音,拼写造成不一致的例子有哪些？e.g. stim
11、ulus (L) ,fiesta (Sp) ,eureka (Gr), kimono (Jap)外来语对英语造成的最大的影响就是sound and form 不一致。What is vocabulary?Vocabulary refers to the total number of the words in a language, butit can stand for all the words used in a particular historical period.Vocabulary also refers to all the words of a given dialect,
12、 given book,a given discipline and the words possessed by an individual person.Classification of Words (本课的一个重点, 年年考试都考)What is the classification of words? How to classify words inlinguistics?Three criteria :1) By use of frequency2) By notion3) By originBy use of frequency 可划分为：1) The basic word st
13、ock2) Nonbasic word vocabularyBy notion 可划分为：1) Content word2) Functional wordContent words are also known as notional words . (Content words 的别称)Functional words are also known as empty words, or form words. (Functional words 的别称)Functional words possesses a characteristic of basic word stock, i.e.
14、stability According to Stuart Robertson ,et al (1957),* (年年考试必考) the ninefunctional words , namely ,and , be , have , it , of , the , to , will,youWhat are the characteristics of basic word stock?1) All national character2) Stability3) Productivity4) Polysemy5) Collocability要把握住All national characte
15、r的词,就是和我们日常生活息息相关的， 最普通的词稳定性是基本词的一个很大特点，请你举例说明？e.g. man, woman , fire, water e.g. machine, video, telephone e.g. bow, chariot , knightStability is relative, not absolute.根据词的 use frequency 划分出的基本词之外，还有一类词叫作 None basicvocabulary, 非基本词有几大特点？或者是几大分类？1) Terminologye.g. sonata, algebra2) Jargone.g. Botto
16、m line ( Jargon )3) Slange.g. smoky, bear ( Slang )4) Argote.g. persuader5) Dialectal wordse.g. station ( AusE = ranch )bluid ( ScotE= blood)6) Archaismse.g. wilt (will)7) Neologismse.g. email ( Neologisms )beaver 是 girl 的 slang 表达方式，但是二者之间存在着 Stylistic differenceWhich constitutes the larger number among English vocabulary, contentwords or functional words ?Answer : Content wordsWhat is native words?Answer : (1) By origin, English words can be classified into
