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1、1非谓语动词非谓语动词 概述概述 非谓语动词是指在句子中不是谓语的动词，主要包括不定式、动名词和分词（现在分词和过去分词）， 即动词的非谓语形式。非谓语动词除了不能独立作谓语外，可以承担句子的任何成分。 定定义义及及构构成成 1非谓语动词与谓语动词的相同点有： （1）如果是及物动词都可与宾语连用，例如： They built a garden. They suggested building a garden. （2）都可以被状语修饰： The suit fits him very well. The suit used to fit him very well. （3）都有主动与被动 , “
2、体”式（一般式；进行式；完成式）的变化。例如： He was punished by his parents.（谓语动词 被动语态） He avoided being punished by his parents.（动名词的被动式） We have written the composition.（谓语动词的完成时） Having written the composition, we handed it in.（现在分词的完成式） （4）都可以有 逻辑主语 They started the work at once.（谓语动词的逻辑主语） The boss ordered them to
3、start the work.（动词不定式 的逻辑主语） We are League members.（谓语动词的主语） We being League member, the work was well done. （现在分词的逻辑主语） 2、非谓语动词与谓语动词的不同点有： （1）非谓语动词可以有名词作用（如动词不定式和动名词），在句中做主语、宾语、表语。 （2）非谓语动词可以有 形容词作用（如动词不定式和分词），在句中做定语、表语或宾语补足 语。 （3）非谓语动词可以有副词作用（如动词不定式和分词），在句中作状语。 （4）谓语动词在句中作谓语，受主语的人称和数的限制；非谓语动词在句中不能
4、单独作谓语， 它不受主语的人称和数的限制。 (5)英语中不能单独做句子的谓语。 功功能能及及用用法法(一)动词不定式： （to）+do，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征 .否定式：not + (to) do （1）一一般般式式：不不定定式式的的一一般般式式所所表表示示的的动动作作与与谓谓语语动动词词动动作作同同时时发发生生或或发发生生在在谓谓语语动动词词动动作作之之 后后. To + v 例例如如：Im glad to meet you. He wants to be an artist. 一一般般式式的的被被动动式式：当当不不定定式式的的逻逻辑辑主主语语是是不不定定式式动动作作的的承承受受者者时
5、时，要要用用被被动动形形式式。 To be + v-ed 例例如如：2There was nothing to be done. Id like to be told whats going on. Nothing is allowed to be taken out of the reading room. The patient asked to be operated on at once. （2）进进行行式式：不不定定式式的的进进行行式式所所表表示示的的动动作作与与谓谓语语动动词词动动作作同同时时发发生生， to be+v-ing，例例如如： The boy pretended to
6、be working hard. He seems to be reading in his room. 进进行行式式的的被被动动式式：无无 （3）完完成成式式：不不定定式式的的完完成成式式表表示示的的动动作作发发生生在在谓谓语语动动词词动动作作之之前前， to have+v-ed 例例如如： I regretted to have told a lie. I happened to have seen the film. He is pleased to have met his friend.完完成成式式的的被被动动式式： 表表示示的的动动作作发发生生在在谓谓语语动动词词动动作作之之前前
7、，当当不不定定式式的的逻逻辑辑主主语语是是不不定定式式 动动作作的的承承受受者者时时，要要用用被被动动形形式式。 To have been + v-ed 例例如如： To have been caught in a sandstorm is a terrible experience. The room was said to have been cleaned. 高高考考真真题题： 1. I dont know whether you happen _, but Im going to study in the U.S.A. this September.(D) A. to be heard
8、 B. to be hearing C. to hear D.to have heard 2. Robert is said _ abroad, but I dont know what country he studied in. (A) A. to have studied B. to study C. to be studying D. to have been studying (4) 完完成成进进行行时时：不不定定式式的的完完成成进进行行式式表表示示谓谓语语动动作作之之前前一一直直在在进进行行的的动动作作， to + have been + v-ing ，例例如如： You seem
9、 to have been writing very long. The battle was said to have been going on for two days. 2不定式的句法功能： （1）作作主主语语To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard. To lose your heart means failure. 动词不定式短语作主语时，常用it 作形式主语，真正的主语不定式置于句后，例如上面两句可 用如下形式： It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes. It mean
10、s failure to lose your heart. 常用句式有： 1、It+be+名词+to do。2、It takes sb.+some time+to do。3、It+be+形容词+of sb +to do。4、It+be+形容词+for sb.+to do。常用 careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise,等表示赞扬或批评的形容词， 不定式前的 sb.可作其逻辑主语。（2）作作表表语语： Her job is to clean the hall. He appears to
11、have caught a cold. 高高考考真真题题：3Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _ whether they will enjoy it.(B) A. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. seen（3）作作宾宾语语： 常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有： want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, pref
12、er, afford,agree,arrange,plan,forget 例如： He demanded to know the truth. How did you manage to finish it so soon? After a lot of persuasion,she agreed to go. I hope to see you again. 如果不定式（宾语）后面有宾语补足语，则用it 作形式宾语，真正的宾语（不定式）后置，放 在宾语补足语后面，例如： Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia. 动词不
13、定式也可充当介词宾语，如： I have no choice but to stay here. He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike. 有些动词常用代疑问词的不定式作宾语，例如：teach,remember,advise,show, advise,show,know,forget,learn,understand,see,hear,find out,explain,decide, discuss 等动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用，如： He gave us some advice on how to learn English. Can
14、 you tell me how to get to the station? They havent decided when to leave so far. 高高考考真真题题： 1. It is said that in Australia there is more land than the government knows _. (C) A. it what to do with B. what to do it with C. what to do with it D. to do what with it 2. I cant stand _ with Jane in the s
15、ame office. She just refuses _ talking while she works.(C) A. working;stopping B. to work;stopping C. working;to stop D. to work;to stop（4）作作宾宾语语补补足足语语： 在复合宾语中，动词不定式可充当宾语补足语，补充说明作宾语的名词或代词的动作或状态， 如下动词常跟这种复合宾语： want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, f
16、orce, call on, wait for, invite, invite, warn, expect, prefer, encourage 等 The policeman commanded him to stop. He reminded me to read the book. The doctor advised me to take a complete rest. My parents dont allow me to go out at night. My wife encouraged me to apply for the job. The teacher forbids the students to read such books. We invited him to take part in
