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1、 硕士学位论文 松花江哈尔滨段底泥中营养盐释放规律与 数字模拟 A RESEARCH ON SEDIMENT NUTRIENTS RELEASE REGULATIONS AND DIGITAL SIMULATION OF SONGHUA RIVER IN HARBIN REGION 李静文 哈尔滨工业大学 2012年 7月 国内图书分类号: X321 学校代码:10213 国际图书分类号: 628 密级:公开 工学硕士学位论文 松花江哈尔滨段底泥中营养盐释放规律与 数字模拟 硕士研究生 李静文 导 师 孟宪林副教授 申请学位 工学硕士 学科 环境科学与工程 所 在 单 位 市政环境工程学院 答
2、 辩 日 期 2012 年 7 月 授予学位单位 哈尔滨工业大学 Classified Index: X321 U.D.C:628 Dissertation for the Master Degree in Engineering A RESEARCH ON SEDIMENT NUTRIENTS RELEASE REGULATIONS AND DIGITAL SIMULATION OF SONGHUA RIVER IN HARBIN REGION Candidate: Li Jingwen Supervisor: Associate Prof.Meng Xianlin Academic Deg
3、ree Applied for: Master of Engineering Speciality: Environmental Sci. and Eng. Affiliation: School of Muni.and Env. Eng Date of Defence: July, 2012 Degree-Conferring-Institution: Harbin Institute of Technology 哈尔滨工业大学工学硕士学位论文 I 摘 要 大顶子山航电枢纽工程的修建使松花江哈尔滨段水体向“河道型水库”转 化，主要表现为河道明显变宽，水流流速降至建坝前的 1/41/5。一方面
4、，这将 有利于外源污染物质向底泥的沉积，另一方面低缓的流速增加了富营养化发生 的风险。 围绕以上两项猜测，本文首先对建坝前后（20052010 年）松花江哈尔滨 段的水体富营养化变化趋势进行了研究，总结了各断面三氮、总磷等的时空变 化规律，发现建坝后水质变化趋势总体较为乐观。各断面氮磷比均比较大，说 明松花江哈尔滨段为磷限制性水体，水体的富营养化发生与否与磷含量密切相 关。分别采用综合营养状态指数法、藻类优势种群法对松花江哈尔滨段各个监 测断面建坝前后历年夏季水质营养状态进行了评价。结果表明，大坝建成前后 水体营养状态基本未发生变化，但大坝建成后，松花江哈尔滨段“湖库化”明 显，导致水体富营养
5、化风险大大增加；另外，工程建成后，藻类种群结构发生 明显变化，代表中度富营养化水平的硅藻所占比例大幅降低，代表富营养化的 蓝绿藻比例大幅上升。说明大坝建成后松花江哈尔滨段已具备富营养化趋势。 为研究松花江哈尔滨段底泥中营养盐的释放规律，采集新鲜底泥与江水开 展室内模拟实验。实验结果表明，随着温度的升高，氨氮释放通量增大，硝酸 盐氮释放通量减小；温度对底泥中总磷、总氮、正磷酸盐的释放无明显影响。 厌氧极大促进了氨氮、正磷酸盐的释放；好氧条件下，底泥对上覆水中的正磷 酸盐以吸附为主。扰动大大促进了底泥中氨氮、总氮、总磷的释放以及底泥对 正磷酸盐的吸附。对松花江哈尔滨段的底泥中氮、磷营养盐空间分布规
6、律进行 了调查，发现松花江哈尔滨段底泥中的磷以无机磷为主，松花江底泥中的氮的 来源，除城市工业污染源、生活污染源以外，水土流失、农田径流也是主要来 源之一。通过有机指数法（采用有机质、总氮两项指标） 、内梅罗综合污染指数 法（采用总磷、总氮两项指标）对松花江哈尔滨段底泥营养盐污染水平进行评 价。从有机指数法评价结果看出，松花江哈尔滨段底泥基本属于“尚清洁”水 平，阿什河口下底泥属于有机污染水平，阿什河口内、呼兰河口下、大顶子山 有机指数比较高，接近有机污染。松花江哈尔滨段底泥磷污染不严重，属于清 洁水平。 最后以对水体富营养化影响较大的磷作为研究对象，基于系统动力学软件 Powersim St
7、udio 2005 搭建了底泥中好氧层与厌氧层之间、底泥好氧层与上覆水哈尔滨工业大学工学硕士学位论文 II 之间底泥释放动力学模型，将该模型进行优化分析，能较好的预测室内模拟实 验下 4时底泥中磷的释放情况。调整模型中上覆水初始磷浓度、温度、底泥 好氧层中可交换态磷含量，考察了以上指标对上覆水磷浓度的影响。发现随着 以上指标的增大，底泥的磷释放速率与释放通量都呈增大的趋势。 关键词： 松花江哈尔滨段；底泥营养盐释放；富营养化；磷；机理模型 哈尔滨工业大学工学硕士学位论文 III Abstract The building of Dadingzishan Navigation and Elect
8、ricity Junction project has changed the Songhua River in Harbin region into River Reservoir , which means that the riverway has been broaden and the river flow lowered to 1/41/5 times of that before. On the one hand, it was conducive for the deposition of exogenous pollutions material into sediment.
9、 On the other hand slow velocity increased the risks of water eutrophication. Based on the above two guesses, in this paper, eutrophication tendency of Songhua River in Harbin city before and after the building of Dadingzishan project(year 20052010) was first discussed. Space-time variation laws of
10、the three nitrogen and total phosphorus in each section were summarized and it came out that water quality changing tendencies were generally optimistic after the building of the dam. The ratio of nitrogen and phosphorus in every section were all high, thus the Songhua River in Harbin Region was pho
11、sphorus-limited water and its eutrophication was closely connected with phosphorus. Comprehensive Nutritional Status Index and Dominant Species method were adopted to evaluate the summer nutritional status of each monitoring section covering the year 20052010. Results showed that after the building
12、of the project water nutritional status didnt actually change. However the water velocity after the project operation was only 1/4 to 1/5 times of that before, the eutrophication risk significantly increased. Besides, the algae population structure greatly changed, with proportion of diatom represen
13、ting the moderate level of eutrophication having been largely reduced and proportion of blue and green algae representing severe level of eutrophication been increased. All these showed that after the building of Dadingzishan project, Songhua River in Harbin region has had the eutrophication tendenc
14、y. To discover the sediment release law of nitrogen and phosphorus into upper water in Songhua River in Harbin region, fresh water and sediment were sampled for the simulation experiment in laboratory. Results showed that, release flux of ammonia nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen respectively increased
15、and decreased with temperature, while release flux of total phosphorus, total nitrogen and orthophosphate didnt significantly change with temperature. Anaerobic environment infinitely facilitated the release of ammonia nitrogen and orthophosphate while aerobic environment was helpful for the adsorpt
16、ion of orthophosphate into sediment. Disturbance enormously promoted the release of ammonia nitrogen, total nitrogen 哈尔滨工业大学工学硕士学位论文 IV and total phosphate from sediment and the adsorption of orthophosphate into sediment. Space distribution laws of nitrogen and phosphorus in sediment of each monitoring section was studied.
