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1、 W WA AT TE ER R P PO OL LL LU UT TI IO ON N E EM ME ER RG GE EN NC CI IE ES S I IN N C CH HI IN NA A Prevention and Response The World Bank ii This study was prepared by the Rural Development, Natural Resources and Environment Unit (EASRE) of the East Asia and Pacific Region of the World Bank. Envi
2、ronment issues are an integral part of the development challenge in the East Asia and Pacific (EAP) Region. The Environment Strategy for the World Bank in the East Asia and Pacific Region has provided the conceptual framework for setting priorities, strengthening the policy and institutional framewo
3、rks for sustainable development, and addressing key environmental and social development challenges through projects, programs, policy dialogue, non-lending services, and partnerships. This study provides a forum for discussion on good practices and policy issues within the development community and
4、 with client countries. The background study reports to the policy paper can be accessed at the China water AAA program website http:/www.worldbank.org/eapenvironment/ChinaWaterAAA. For more information on and other reports of the AAA Program, please contact Jian XIE, The World Bank, 1818 H Street,
5、NW, Washington D.C, 20433, USA, Fax: 202-522-1666, Email: jxieworldbank.org. This publication is available online at www.worldbank.org/eapenvironment. Sustainable Development Department East Asia and Pacific Region The World Bank Washington, D.C. June 2007 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abbreviations iv Abst
6、ract v Acknowledgements vi 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. WATER POLLUTION INCIDENTS IN CHINA 2 3. WATER POLLUTION EMERGENCY PREVENTION AND RESPONSE IN CHINA 4 4. INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE 8 4.1 Historical Development of Emergency Response Systems 8 4.2 Key Elements of Emergency Prevention 9 4.3 Overview of Ins
7、titutional Arrangements 10 4.4 Risk Assessment, Prevention and Planning 11 4.5 Preparedness and Coordinated Response 12 4.6 Chemical Information Management 13 4.7 Public Information Systems 13 4.8 Financing, Penalties, Incentives and Liabilities 14 5. POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS 16 5.1 Overall Institutio
8、nal Reform 16 5.2 Risk Management and Prevention 18 5.3 Response and Mitigation 20 6. CONCLUDING REMARKS 23 7. REFERENCES 24 LIST OF BOXES Box 1. Water Pollution Incident in the Songhua River Box 2. The Sandos Chemical Spill from Switzerland Extending Down the Rhine Box 3. Examples of National Legis
9、lative Systems Box 4. Convention on the Protection of the Rhine Box 5. The Buncefield Incident, UK Box 6. The Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund, USA LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Common Elements of an Emergency Response System, iv ABBREVIATIONS AQSIQ The Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection an
10、d Quarantine, China COMAH Care of Major Accident and Hazard Regulations, UK EA Environment Agency, UK EPB Environmental Protection Bureau, China EIA Environmental Impact Assessment HAZWOPER Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response, USA HSE Health and Safety Executive, UK MOC Ministry of Con
11、struction MWR Ministry of Water Resources OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration, USA PSB Public Security Bureau, China RMP Risk Management Plan SAWS State Administration for Work Safety, China SEPA State Environmental Protection Administration, China USEPA Environmental Protection Agenc
12、y, USA v ABSTRACT A high number of river pollution incidents in recent years in China, including the high profile Songhua River toxic chemical spill in November 2005, and drinking water source pollution by algae in the Tai Lake, Wuxi in May 2007, demonstrate that, if not immediately and effectively
13、controlled, pollution releases can spread across boundaries of administrative jurisdiction, causing environmental and economic damage as well as public concern and the potential for social unease. The past practice in water emergency management in China shows that the main focus of local government
14、has been on mitigation after an incident. While this is a critically important part of any emergency response system, prevention is better than cure. Once an accident has occurred, the impact on the environment and human health becomes more difficult and more costly to control. Prevention of polluti
15、on by strict enforcement of appropriate policies and regulations is typically a more cost effective approach. Aiming to assist the Government of China to improve its emergency prevention and response in high risk industries, this paper presents an analysis of the Chinese situation and systems curren
16、tly in place for the prevention of and response to pollution emergencies, as well as some relevant international experience. It discusses weaknesses in the existing Chinese situation and highlights relevant international measures which have been developed in light of experience gained from industrial pollution accidents (not solely related to waterborne pollution) overseas. Based upon th
