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1、1句子成分和类型一. 句子成分每个句子都是由各个句子成分组成的。句子成分有主语(Subject)、谓语(Predicate)、宾语(Object)、表语 (Predicative)、定语(Attributive)、状语(Adverbial)、补语（Complement）和同位语(Apposition)。期中主语和谓语是主要成分，其他是次要成分。它们一般由实词充当，如名词(n.)、动词 (v.)、形容词 (adj.)、数词(num.) 、代词(pron.)、及副词(adv.)等。虚词在句中只起连接作用，它一般不能作句子成分，如冠词(art.)、介词 (prep.)、连词(conj.) 、和感叹词
2、(interj.)等。如： I saw that girl singing along the river just now.主语 谓语 定语 宾语 补语 状语这是各种句子成分比较完整的简单句。 1. 主语主语是句子的主体，说明句子讲的是谁或者什么情况。可作主语的有：名词、代词、数词、名词性或名词化的词、词组或短语（如动词不定式、动名词、从句等） 。如：All roads lead to Rome. 条条大路通罗马。 Its never too late to learn. 亡羊补牢，为时未晚。We like our school very much. 我们很喜欢我们的学校。“The” is
3、an article. The 是个冠词。Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise.早睡早起，使人富有、聪明、健康。How to do it well is an important question. 如何把它做好是一个重要的问题。2. 谓语 谓语用来说明主语的动作、行为、特征或状态，一般由动词或动词短语承担。谓语动词具有各种时态、语态及语气的变化。动词常分为实义动词, 系动词,情态动词和助动词.(1) 动词（单词或短语）作谓语。如:We ate great meals cooked by ex
4、perts!我们吃的美味饭菜是由烹饪大师们做的。They have put up a lot of high-rise buildings recently. 最近，他们建了很多高楼大厦。I seldom go to the cinema. 我很少去电影院。I will stay in Europe for a week. 我将在欧洲待一个月。(2) 连系动词+表语。如：The English teacher is a very enthusiastic woman called Ms Shen.英语老师是一位叫做沈老师的充满激情的女士。We are Senior High school st
5、udents. 我们是高中学生。Li Ming fell ill last week. 上个星期李明病了。They have been here for several weeks. 他们在这里已经有好几天了。注意情态动词和助动词不能单独充当谓语,必须和实义动词或系动词一起构成谓语.2They can speak English well.They do become what they are dreaming of.3. 宾语宾语用来表明动作行为或介词所支配的对象，是动作的承受者。宾语常用于及物动词之后。可作宾语的词有：名词、代词（宾格） 、动名词、不定式、数词或从句等。如：1. We s
6、aw abandoned farms which were built more than a hundred years ago.我们看见了一百多年前被修建的废弃的农场。2. I havent seen him for a long time. 我好久没有见到他了3. He walked to the office. 他朝办公室走去。 4. Dont hide behind others. 不要躲在别人后面。5. I think this is because he really enjoys teaching Chinese literature.我认为这是因为他真的喜欢教中国文学。6.
7、She refused to accept my gift. 她拒绝接收我的礼物。7. She is quick at learning languages. 她学语言学得很快。8. He was surprised at what she said. 听到她说的话，他很吃惊。注意：有些动词后面可以接双宾语有些及物动词可以有两个宾语: 直接宾语(Direct Object)和间接宾语(Indirect Object), 称为双宾语.这两个宾语往往一个指人(一般为间接宾语), 另一个指物(一般为直接宾语). 间接宾语一般放在直接宾语之前.He gave me a book.间接宾语 直接宾语eg
8、: Lend me your dictionary, please. 请把你的字典借给我。Our teacher showed us his collections of stamps. 我们老师给我们看他的邮票集。 有时为了强调间接宾语, 也可将间接宾语后置, 并在其前加上介词 to 或 for.He gave a book to me.He bought this book for me.(1) 加介词 to 的常见动词有：give bring take hand lend pass tell send show teach write(2) 加介词 for 的常见动词有：find pay
9、 sing buy choose find get make fetchShall I fetch you your hat? =Shall I fetch the hat for you? 要我替你把帽子拿过来吗？4. 表语表语是说明主语身份、职业、性质、状态或特征的句子成分，补充说明主语的意义，因此，它也叫做主语补足语。表语一般 用在连系动词后面。可作表语的有：名词、形容词、代词、分词、动名词、动词不定式、数词、介词短语、副词和从句。连系动词除了 be 之外，还有:一直保持：keep remain stay 3看起来，似乎：seem appear感官动词：feel taste look s
10、mell sound变得：become turn come grow get goThis is the student whose name is Wang Hua. 这就是那个名叫王华的学生。Our teacher is very strict with us. 我们的老师对我们很严格。Whats up? 出什么事啦？Two and twenty is twenty-two. 2+20=22My mobile phone is out of order. 我的移动电话出故障了。Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。The problem is whom we can get
11、to replace her. 问题是我们能找到谁去代替她呢。He looked just as he had looked ten years before. 他看起来还与 10 年前一样。5. 定语定语用来限定、修饰名词或代词。可充当定语的有：形容词、代词、数词、名次、分词、动名词、介词短语、副词及从句等。如：Do you have any red ink? 请问你有没有红墨水？There are over a thousand people in the park. 公园里有一千多人。Ive visited some beautiful cities, but this is one o
12、f the most attractive places Ive been to.我参观一些美丽的城市，但这是我去过的最有吸引力的城市之一。This is the first time that Ive visited your hometown. 这是我第一次参观你的家乡。For many years, trained camels carried food and other supplies, and returned with wool and other products.多年以来，被训练了的骆驼驮着食物和其他供应品，带回羊毛和其他产品。Ms Shens teaching metho
13、d is nothing like that of the teachers at my Junior High school.沈老师的教学方法和我初中学校老师的方法一点儿也不像。Have you got anything to say? 你有没有什么话要说？Can you see the car downstairs? 你能看见楼下的小汽车吗？There are a few students who keep coming to class late but they are always on time for Mrs Chens lessons. 有些学生上课经常迟到，但他们总是准时上陈
14、老师的课。6. 状语状语是用来修饰动词、副词、形容词或整个句子的，说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、方向、程度、方式、伴随等情况。可以充当状语的有：副词、形容词短语、名次短语、分词短语、介词短语或从句。如：Ive always hated making mistakes or pronouncing a word incorrectly when I speak English. 我总是不愿意犯错误或者在说英语时念错词。In other words, there are three times as many girls as boys.换句话说，女生的人数是男生的三倍。4Some
15、 students were embarrassed at first but everyone was very friendly.一些学生开始有点尴尬但每一个人都很友好。To find out if iron rusts in dry air, we did the experiment.为了找出铁是否会在干燥的空气中生锈，我们做了这个实验。Seeing his mother, the baby burst into tears. 一看到他的母亲，小孩就大哭起来。Berners-Lee built his first computer while he was at university using an old television.读大学时，贝尔纳斯-李利用一台旧电视机制成了他的
