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1、1.询盘 Enquiry(inquiry) refers to the buyer in order to buy or the seller in order to sell goods to ask to each other about trading conditions.2.接受 Acceptance.In business law, an acceptance is the assent to the terms of an offer. It must be absolute and unconditional.3.商品的品质；Sale by sellers sample mad
2、e on the basis of the sample provided by the sellerSale by buyers sample made on the basis of the sample provided by the buyerSale by counter sample Counter sample: a replica made by the seller of the sample provided, normally by the buyer counter sample used as the basis for quality to remove the r
3、isk of the seller, a good substitute to sale by buyers sample4.重量 gross weight （毛重） = net weight （净重）+ Tare（皮重）Conditioned weight:（公量） equals to the dry weight of a commodity plus the standard moisture content. Conditioned weight = Dried net weight x (1 + Standard regain rate)Theoretical weight（理论重量
4、）= Unit weight x QuantityLegal weight（法定重量） = Net weight + Tare (immediate packing)5.商品包装 bulk commodities（散装） nude packed commodities (裸装)Packed commodities(包装)Neutral packing （中性包装）means that there is neither a name of the origin, nor a name of the factory, nor a trade mark, a brand, or even any w
5、ords on the packing of the commodity and the commodity itself. It includes two kinds: packing with trade mark designated by the buyer but without the mark of the manufacturers origins packing without trade mark and origins as well as the mark of the manufacturers .6.贸易术语 Warsaw-Oxford Rules is made
6、by International Law Association, which only defines CIF contracts. 海洋和河内运输：FAS FOB CFR CIF 任何：EXW FCA CPT CIP DAT DAP DDP 装运港交货：FOB CFR CIF 向承运人交货：FTA CIP CPT 目的地交货：DAT DAP DDPFOB:Free on board The seller is responsible for shipping the contracted goods on board the ship dominated by the buyer at t
7、he port of shipment within specific period and bearing all costs and risks before the goods are on board the vessel.CFR-Cost and freight: The seller is responsible for booking space and delivering the goods on board the vessel sailing for the destination in due time according to the contract and cov
8、ering the risks and expenses during carriage (the risks are transferred when goods are delivered on board).CIF-Cost Insurance and Freight: CIF means that the seller delivers the goods on board the vessel. The risk of loss of or damage to the goods passes when the goods are on board the vessel. The s
9、eller must contract for and pay the cost and freight necessary to bring the goods to the named port of destination. The seller also contracts for insurance cover against the buyers risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the carriage. The buyer should note that under CIF the seller is required
10、 to obtain insurance only on minimum cover. 7.国际运输：Liner Transport 班轮运输 A liner is vessel with regular sailings and arrivals and sails on a fixed (regular) sailing route and calls at fixed (regular) base ports.特点：a. Fixity, namely fixed routes, fixed ports of call, fixed dates and fixed rates. 四固定 b
11、. Responsibility 一负责 c. Liabilities, obligations and exemptions of liners and the shipper are all on the basis of the bill of lading issued by liners. 权利、义务、责任豁免Shipping by Charter 租船运输：It means a freight-carrying vessel which has no regular route or schedule of sailings or port or freight. The ship
12、per charters ship from the ship-owner and uses it to carry the goods. International Multi-modal Transport 国际多式联运：It involves the transportation of freight in an international container or vehicle, using multiple modes of transportation (rail, ship and truck), without any handling of the freight itse
13、lf when changing modes.8.海运提单 Bill of lading (B/L)：a document issued by an ocean carrier to a shipper with whom the carrier has entered into a contract for the carriage of goods. 作用：a receipt of cargo， an evidence of contract of carriage ， a document title to the goods9.保险：Perils of the Sea（海上风险）： N
14、atural Calamities（自然灾害） Fortuitous Accidents（意外事故） Extraneous Risks（附加其他风险）General Extraneous Risks Special Extraneous Risks（特殊附加风险战争等）Actual Total Loss: 实际全损 It means that the insured subject matter is totally and irretrievably (un-savable) lost. Constructive Total Loss: 推定全损 It is estimated that t
15、he actual total loss of cargo is inevitable or the cost of salvage or recovery could have exceed the value of the cargo.Partial loss 部分损失 ：General Average: 共同海损 It refers to a certain special sacrifice and extra expense intentionally incurred for the general interests of the ship-owner, the insurer,
16、 and the owners of the various cargoes abroad the ship. When a ship is in danger, the captain must make a decision and one of shippers will suffer.In order to compensate the special sacrifice,all the others will club together to re-compensate him for loss.Particular average: 单独海损 It means that a particular cargo is damaged by any cause and the degree of the damage does not reach a total loss, i.e., only a partial loss, which shall be borne
