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1、Review of Moores lawCramming more components onto integrated circuitsHaving read some article about Moores law, I get the information with background and influence. This review stand for a idea of myself and many people who benefit from the Moores law.Moores lawMoores law describes a long-term trend
2、 in the history of computing hardware. The number of transistors that can be placed inexpensively on an integrated circuit has doubled approximately every two years.Cramming more components onto integrated circuits, Electronics Magazine 19 April 1965 By Gordon E. Moore.Dr. Gordon E. Moore is one of
3、the new breed of electronic engineers, schooled in the physical sciences rather than in electronics. He earned a B.S. degree in chemistry from the University of California and a Ph.D. degree in physical chemistry from the California Institute of Technology. He was one of the founders of Fairchild Se
4、miconductor and has been director of the research and development laboratories since 1959.Number 8, April 19, 1965Two-mil squaresWith the dimensional tolerances already being employed in integrated circuits, isolated high-performance transistors can be built on centers two thousandths of an inch apa
5、rt. Such a two-mil square can also contain several kilohms of resistance or a few diodes. This allows at least 500 components per linear inch or a quarter million per square inch. Thus, 65,000 components need occupy only about one-fourth a square inch. On the silicon wafer currently used, usually an
6、 inch or more in diameter, there is ample room for such a structure if the components can be closely packed with no space wasted for interconnection patterns. This is realistic, since efforts to achieve a level of complexity above the presently available integrated circuits are already underway usin
7、g multilayer metallization patterns separated by dielectric films. Such a density of components can be achieved by present optical techniques and does not require the more exotic techniques, such as electron beam operations, which are being studied to make even smaller structures.Increasing the yiel
8、dThere is no fundamental obstacle to achieving device yields of 100%. At present, packaging costs so far exceed the cost of the semiconductor structure itself that there is no incentive to improve yields, but they can be raised as high as is economically justified. No barrier exists comparable to th
9、e thermodynamic equilibrium considerations that often limit yields in chemical reactions; it is not even necessary to do any fundamental research or to replace present processes. Only the engineering effort is needed.In the early days of integrated circuitry, when yields were extremely low, there wa
10、s such incentive. Today ordinary integrated circuits are made with yields comparable with those obtained for individual semiconductor devices. The same pattern will make larger arrays economical, if other considerations make such arrays desirable.Development and InfluenceImprint lithography-along wi
11、th silicon nanowires, phase change memory, spintronics optoelectronics, 3D chips and other technologies once largely considered scientific curiosities-is among the many emerging technologies that could extend the life of Moores Law, the famous computing principle whose demise has been predicted repe
12、atedly over the last few decades. Intel co-founder Gordon Moores early observation about the rate of progress in the electronics industry-specifically, that the number of transistors on a microchip double every one to two years-turns 40 on Tuesday. Under this principle, chipmakers have managed to st
13、eadily boost the performance of their products while simultaneously dropping the price, a rare confluence that has allowed digital technology to seep into virtually every segment of the world economy. Success, however, has created its own problems. Decades of doubling transistors have led to chips c
14、ontaining several million transistors and multibillion-dollar factories to produce them. Shrinking the size of transistors and the copper wires that connect them to fit more onto a chip has led to problems with electric leakage, power consumption and theres only so much room left for shrinking today
15、s transistors. Transistors consist of four basic parts: a source (which stores electrons), a drain (where they go to create a 1 signal), a gate and a gate oxide (which control the flow from the source to the drain). After several shrinks, the gate oxide is only about 10 atoms thick in some cases, me
16、aning an end to shrinking or an arduous chemical or architectural makeover. People in lawMany people are arguing about this matter whether Moores law can not standing.Ten years ago, people said, This is crazy. You will never use technology to make things this small. -Stephen Chou, professor, PrincetonI think we will get to 22-nanometer and maybe even a generation beyond that, but its going to take real breakthroughs to make that happen. -Tom Theis, direc
