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1、5 The sounds of language5.1 Phonetics5.2 Articulation: Voiced & Voiceless5.3 Consonants5.3.1 Place of articulationBilabialsLabiodentalsDentalsAlveolarsAlveo-palatalsVelarsGlottals5.3.2 Manner of articulationStopsFricativesAffricatesNasalsApproximantsGlottal stopFlap5.4 Vowels5.4.1 Monophthongs5.4.2
2、Diphthongs5.1 PhoneticsPhonetics 语音学 -the general study of the characteristics of speech soundsArticulatory phonetics 发音语音学 -the study of how speech sounds are made, or articulated.Acoustic phonetics 声学语音学-deals with the physical properties of speech as sound waves in the air.Auditory/Perceptual pho
3、netics 听觉语音学-deals with the perception, via the ear, of speech soundsForensic phonetics 法律语音学-has applications in legal cases involving speaker identification and the analysis of recorded utterances5.2 Articulation : voiced & voicelessArtitulatory phonetics we investigate how speech sounds are produ
4、ced using the fairly complex oral equipment we have When the vocal cords are spread apart, the air from the lungs passes between them unimpeded1. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiceless. When the vocal cords are drawn together, the air from the lungs repeatedly pushes them apart as it
5、 passes through, creating a vibration2 effect. Sounds produces in this way are described as voiced.5.3 Consonants5.3.1 Place of articulation-the place of articulation of the sound, that is, the location, inside the mouth, at which the constriction takes place Bilabials 双唇音 - sounds formed using both
6、 (= bi) upper and lower lips (= labia) p b m w Labiodentals 唇齿音 sounds formed with the upper teeth and the lower lip. f v Dentals 齿音 sounds formed with the tongue tip behind the upper front teethInterdental 齿间音 sounds formed with the tongue tip between (=inter) the upper and lower teeth Alveolars 齿龈
7、音 sounds formed with the front part of the tongue on the alveolar ridge3 t d s z n l r Alveo-palatals 齿龈后音/腭龈音 sounds produced with the tongue at the very front of the palate4 t d Palatals 硬腭音 sounds produced with the tongue in the middle of the palate jVelars 软腭音 sounds produced with the back of th
8、e tongue against the velum5 k g Glottals 喉音 the sound produced without the active use of the tongue and other parts of the mouth h5.3.2 Manner of articulation- the manner of articulation, that is, in the way they are pronounced Stops/Plosives 爆破音 sounds resulting from a blocking or stopping effect o
9、n the airstreamSounds produced by some form of complete stopping of the airstream (very briefly) and then letting it go abruptly p b t d k g Fricatives6 摩擦音 sounds resulting from a friction as the air is pushed throughSounds produced by blocking the airstream, and having the air push through the nar
10、row openingf v s z Affricates7 破擦音 sounds resulting from combining a brief stopping of the airstream with an obstructed release which causes some friction t d Nasals8 鼻辅音 sounds produced when the velum is lowered and airstream is allowed to flow out through the nose m n Approximants9 the articulatio
11、n is strongly influenced by the following vowel sound w y l r hSemi-vowels/Glides10 半元音/ 滑音 sounds produced with the tongue moving, or gliding, to or from the position of a nearby vowelw yLiquids11 流音-The l sound is formed by letting the airstream flow around the sides of the tongue as it makes cont
12、act with the alveolar ridge-The r sound is formed with the tongue tip raised and curled back behind he alveolar ridge The glottal stop and the flapGlottal stop12 声门塞音/喉擦音 the sound occurs when the space between the vocal cords (the glottis) is closed completely, very briefly, and then released This
13、sound is considered to be characteristic of Cockney (London) speech, but it is also used by Scottish and New Yorkers.Flap 触音 13 the sound D/ is produced by the tongue tip being thrown against the alveolar ridge for an instantCharting consonant soundsPlace of articulation Bilabial Labio-dental Dental
14、 Alveolar Alveo-palatal Velar GlottalManner of articulation -V +V -V +V -V +V -V +V -V +V -V +V -V +VStops p b t d k gFricatives f v s z AffricatestdNasals m n Approximants w l, r h5.4 Vowels consonant sounds are mostly articulated via closure or obstruction in the vocal tract; vowel sounds are prod
15、uced with a relatively free flow of air; they are all typically voiced;- the tongue influences the shape through which the airflow must pass- the space inside the mouth as having a front versus a back and a high versus a low area.5.4.1 Monophthongs Front vowels : / / /e/ / heat hit bed hat Central vowels : / / / cut bird above Back vowels : / / / / /u/ car hot horse foot food5.4.2 DiphthongsDiphthongs14 two combined vowel sounds Rising Diphthongs
