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1、 托福听力-动物也疯狂以下的托福内容和动物有关。2015 年 4 月 18 日托福考试听力部分，有两篇听力内容都和动物有关： Conversation2 是谈论 Influence of climate change on birds (气候变化对鸟类活动影响) Lecture2 是 biology lecture 讲述 animal behavior (动物行为)具体 mimicry behavior (模仿行为)我们通过对踢皮球(TPO)34 套题目的统计，也可以看出，生物话题的讲座，独占鳌头！而在生物话题的讲座中，超过一半都是谈论动物的啊！既然动物学这么重要，那我们就做一个系统的梳理吧！
2、 TPO 动物学考查方向 T P O 动 物 学主 要 考 点 物 种 特 点动 物 行 为生 活 习 性A m p h i b i a n两 栖R e p t i l e 爬 行M a m m a l哺 乳R o d e n t 啮 齿H e r b i v o r e食 草V e r t e b r a t e 脊 椎 类M i g r a t i o n迁 徙 H a b i t a t s e l e c t i o n 栖 息 地 选 择H i b e r n a t e 冬 眠D e f e n s i v e b e h a v i o r防 御 行 为F o o d f o r
3、 a g i n g 觅 食 行 为M a t e 交 配R e p r o d u c e 繁 衍E v o l u t i o n 进 化S k e l e t o n 骨 骼B o n e骨 头A n c e s t o r 祖 先D i n o s a u r恐 龙F o s s i l化 石 动 物 交 流C o m m u n i c a t i o n交 流V o c a l i z a t i o n发 生E c h o l o c a t i o n回 声 定 位 动 物 灭 绝 和保 护E x t i n c t i o n灭 绝P r o t e c t i o n保 护
4、H u m a n i n t e r f e r e n c e人 类 干 预D e f o r e s t a t i o n森 林 砍 伐 H u n t i n g捕 猎 I n t r o d u c e n e w s p e c i e s引 入 新 物 种R e w i l d i n g重 回 野 生 适 应 环 境C l i m a t e气 候 T e m p e r a t u r e温 度 H a r s h严 酷 的 动 物 进 化A n n a L i L i s t e n i n g关于 4 月 28 日 Lecture2 讲到的 mimicry behavi
5、or, 我们来储备一些背景知识：（ Wiki）In evolutionary biology (进化生物学), mimicry is a similarity of one species to another which protects one or both. This similarity can be in appearance, behavior, sound, scent or location (外貌、行为、声音、气味和位置场所). Mimicry occurs when a group of organisms (有机体、生物体), the mimics (模仿者), evo
6、lve to share common perceived characteristics with another group, the models(被模仿者). The evolution is driven by the selective action of a signal-receiver(信号接收者).The signal-receiver is typically another intermediate organism like the common predator (捕食者)of two species, but may actually be the model i
7、tself, such as a moth resembling (长得像) its spider predator. As an interaction, mimicry is in most cases advantageous (有利的) to the mimic and harmful to the receiver, but may increase, reduce or have no effect on the fitness of the model depending on the situation. Mimicry is related to camouflage(伪装)
8、, in which a species resembles its surroundings or is otherwise difficult to detect(找到、探测出). In particular, mimesis, in which the mimic takes on the properties of a specific object or organism, but one to which the dupe is indifferent, is an area of overlap（重合） between camouflage and mimicry.Though
9、visual mimicry is most obvious to humans, other senses such as olfaction (smell) or hearing may be involved, and more than one type of signal may be employed. Mimicry may involve morphology（形态学）, behaviour, and other properties. In any case, the signal always functions to deceive （欺骗）the receiver by
10、 preventing it from correctly identifying the mimic. Defensive （防御性）or protective （保护性）mimicry takes place when organisms are able to avoid encounters that would be harmful to them by deceiving enemies（敌人） into treating them as something else. Some behaviors entail mimicry of organisms protected by
11、warning colouration （警告颜色）Aggressive（攻击性的） mimicry describes predators (or parasites) which share the same characteristics as a harmless species, allowing them to avoid detection by their prey (or host) （捕食者）. The mimic may resemble the prey or host itself, or another organism which is either neutra
12、l（中立的）or beneficial（获益的） to the signal receiver. 对不熟悉音标的同学，我们这样来储备词汇biologybaldi生物学speciology spi:ildin. 物种学zoology zuldin.动物学microbiology,makrobaldi微生物学entomology entmldin. 昆虫学ornithology,rnldi n.鸟类学cell biology sel-baildi n.细胞生物学biochemist baiukemist n.生物化学家paleontologist peilintldist n.古生物学者creat
13、ure kri:t n.生物organism:gnizmn.有机物，微生物microbemakrob微生物planktonplktn浮游生物invertebrate inv:tibrt n.无脊椎动物vertebratev:tbrt, -bret脊椎动物amphibian mfibinn.两栖动物reptile reptailn.爬行动物 herbivore h:biv:n. 食草动物herbivorous: h:bivrsa.食草的，草食的carnivorekrnvr食肉动物omnivorous amnivrsa.杂食的ruminant ru:minntn.反刍动物mollusk mlsk
14、n.软体动物land creature lnd kri:t陆地生物cold kuld blood animal bld nimln.冷血动物warmw:m blood animal bld nimln.热血动物mammal mmln. 脊椎 哺乳动物primates pramts灵长目动物endangered species 濒危动物speciesspi:i:zn.物种breedbri:dn.品种monogamous mnms 一夫一妻的/一雌一雄的polyandrous,plndrs一妻多夫的/一雌多雄的polygamousplgms一夫多妻的/一雄多雌的community kmjunti动
15、物的群落或人的部落flockflk（牛、羊等）群herd hd兽群hordes/swarms hrd/swrm（昆虫等）群reptile reptailn.爬行动物rodentrudntn.啮齿动物chimpanzeetimpnzi:n.黑猩猩baboon bbu:nn.狒狒anthropoid nr pida.类人猿的beast bist野兽wolfwulfn.狼cheetah tit 猎豹bearbvt.熊lionslainn.狮子rat rt=mouse maus（复数 mice）n.鼠squirrelskwirln.松鼠kangarookgru:n.袋鼠marmot m:mtn.土拨鼠chipmunktipmkn.花栗鼠meerkatmiktn.猫鼬elephant elifntn.大象mammothmmn.猛犸象，
