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1、11英语语法学习-定语从句-关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。1）who, whom, that这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：Is he the man who/that wants to see you?他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that 在从句中作主语）He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天见的那个人。 （whom/that 在从句中作宾语）2) Whose 用来指
2、人或物，(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同 of which 互换）, 例如：They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.请递给我那本绿皮的书。3）which, that它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如：A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the cou
3、ntryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。 （which / that 在句中作宾语）The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that 在句中作宾语）定语从句1. 限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句的区别a) 非限定性定语从句和主句的关系不十分密切，朗读时先行词部分一般用降调并稍做停顿，书写的时候多半用逗号分开。b) 非限定性定语从句能够修饰整个句子，限定性定语从句则不能。c) 非限定性定语从句与限定性定语从句的含义不一样，限定性定语从句是确指，而非限定性
4、定语从句是泛指。d) 先行词为专有名词或者具有特指对象的名词时，一般要用到非限制性定语从句。e) 在非限定性定语从句中，现行词指人的时候，关系代词只能是 who,whom，不能用that；先行词指物的时候，关系代词只能用 which,不能用 that。2. 各种关系代词的使用方法a) 关系代词 who 的用法i. who 的前行词必须是人，在从句中可以担任主语，往往也可以代替在从句中担任宾22语的 whom,但是它前边不能有介词，如果带了介词就必须用宾格的 whom:（介词+whom ）This is the teacher who teaches us mathematics.She is
5、the girl who (whom) I met at the party.（可以替代）She is the girl whom (who) I went there with. （可以替代）She is the girl with whom I went there. （不可替代）ii. who，that 在很多情况下可以通用，但是有些情况只能用 who:1. 先行词是 one, ones, anyone 的时候宜用 who.One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the truth.The ones who flatte
6、r me dont please me.Dont tell anyone about the news who oughtnt to know it.Anyone who fails to finish the task given should be criticized.2. 先行词为 those 的时候，宜用 who 为关系代词Those who were not fit for their work could not see the beautiful clothesmade of the magic cloth.Those who want to go to the Great W
7、all sign up here.3. 当先行词有比较长的后置定语的时候I met a foreigner in the street yesterday who could asked me questions inChinese.4. 一个句子中带有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词为 that,另一个则用who.The boy that you met last night is the group leader who studies very hard.5. 在 there be 开头的句子中There is an old man who wants to see you.Th
8、ere are many young men who are against him.b) 关系代词 whose 的用法whose 是代词的所有格，它既可以代人也可以代物。当代物的时候，它相当于 of which.I saw a woman whose bag was stolen.Ill call a person whose father knows you.33Which is the car whose owner you know? (Which is the car the owner of whichyou know)Please show me the book whose c
9、over is red. (Please show me the book thecover of which is red)c) 关系代词 that 的用法首先特别注意，that 只能用在限定性定语从句中，在非限定性定语从句中永远不能选用that, 另外介词后边也不可用 that, 而是跟 which.在限定性定语从句中，which 和 that 在代替物的时候，一般可以通用。The money that (which) is in the wallet is mine.有些情况下，只宜用 that,而不宜用 whichi. 先行词是最高级形容词或者它前面有最高级形容词的时候This is
10、the best that has been used against pollution.English is the most difficult subject that you will learn during theseyears.ii. 先行词是序数词，或者它前面有一个序数词的时候He is the last person (that) I want to see.It is the first American movie of this kind that Ive ever seen.iii. 主句已有疑问词 who 或者 which 的时候Which is the bike
11、 that you lost?Who is the woman that was praixed at the meeting?iv. 先行词既有人又有物，宜用 thatDo you know the things and persons that they are talking about?The bike and its rider that had run over an old man were taken to the policestation.v. 先行词是 all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing,
12、none, the one 等不定代词时You should hand in all that you have.We havent got much that we can offer you.I mean the one that you talked about just now.44vi. 先行词前面 Only, any, few, little, no, all, one of, the same, the very 等词修饰的时候The only thing that we can do is to give you some money.Li Ming is the only o
13、ne that wants to be a teacher.Li Ming is one of the students that want to be teachers in our class.vii. 有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词已用 which, 另外一个宜用 that.Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seenbefore.d) 关系代词 which 的用法在非限定性定语从句中，只宜用 which, 不宜用 that.Beijing, which is the capital o
14、f China, is a very beautiful city.在限定性定语从句中 which 和 that 在指代物的时候常常可以通用，但是有时只宜用 which而不用 thati. 关系代词前面有介词的时候This is the hotel in which you will stay.ii. 如果有两个定语从句，其中的一句的关系词是 that, 另一句宜用 which.Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newlyopen to us.3. 关系代词与介词，关系代词的省略a) 关系代
15、词和介词介词放在关系代词的前面时，介词短语只能用 which 代物，和用 whom 代人This is the hero of whom we are proud.I want to find the very pen with which I wrote that letter.当介词放在句子的末尾时，可用 that/which 代物，that/whom/who 来作为介词的宾语，且这个做介词宾语的关系代词往往忽略This is the hero that (who/whom/忽略) we are proud of.55b) 关系代词的省略首先注意只有限定性定语从句才能省略，非限定性定语从句
16、绝对不能省略。在下列情况下，可以省略关系代词。i. 当关系代词在从句中担任动词宾语的时候The people (who) we met at the party were very friendly to us.ii. 关系代词在从句中作介词，而介词在句尾时Here is the man (that) you have been looking for.iii. 关系代词在从句中作表语时Shang Hai is no longer the city (that) it used to be.iv. 在 there be 句型中，和先行词为 way 时，关系代词总是省略There is an old man (who ) wants to see you.I dont like the way (that) you talk to somebody else.注意，有些动词+介词所组成的短语动词，关系非常紧密，介词不能前置4. 定语从句注意事项a) one of + 复数名词 +关系代词+复数型动词the
