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1、第一讲 绪论 2 学时一、通过本章学习应该掌握的内容1、何谓生物分离工程2、生物分离工程的历史及其应用3、生物分离工程在生物技术中的地位？4、生物分离工程的特点5、生物分离工程可分为几大部分，分别包括哪些单元操作？6、在设计下游分离过程前，必须考虑哪些问题方能确保我们所设计的工艺过程最为经济、可靠？二、生物分离工程的发展历史1、概念：从微生物、动植物细胞及其生物化学产品中提取有用物质的技术2、生物分离工程的发展历史已经有几百年的历史了最早的分离技术有蒸馏、过滤等原始方法三、The position of Bioseparation in Biotechnology （生物分离在生物技术中所占位
2、置）By biotechnology, we mean the use of carefully cultured microorganisms, animal cells, and plant cells to produce products useful to humans.（所谓生物技术就是指利用培养微生物、动物细胞、植物细胞来生产对人有用的产品。 ） By this definition, biotechnology is as old as history, for the earliest known document (4228BC) includes a descriptio
3、n of brewing Bread; cheese, and yogurt are other early examples of product which depend on biotechnology.（按上述定义，早在公元前 4228 年就有了应用生物技术酿酒、制奶酪等的记载。 ）Today, we restrict biotechnology largely to those areas where chemically defined species are produced .Under this more restricted definition, biotechnolog
4、y is about 100 year old.（狭 义生物技 术的产物仅为化学产品，约有 100 年的历史。 ）Effective ways to get useful products（获得产品的有效途径）（1）Raw materials（原料）（2）pretreatments（预处理）（3）bioreactions（生物反应）（4）bioseparations（生物分离）（5）products（产品工程）四、生物分离的应用1、医药：抗生素、激素、 维生素2、食品：乳酪3、化工：氨基酸4、精细化工：化妆品、香料5、农业：手性农药6、生物：酶五、生物分离过程的特点1、产品丰富A chief
5、characteristic of biotechnology is the tremendous variety of products which are produced. This diversity of products spawns the broad spectrum of separation methods used.（产品的多样性导致分离方法的多样性）2、most bioseparation methods come from chemical separations（绝大多数生物分离方法来源于化学分离）3、Bioseparations are more difficul
6、t than chemical separations.（生物分离一般比化工分离难度大）（1）Complex components（成分复杂）（2）Desired products in dilute suspension（悬液中的目标产物浓度低）青霉素含量为 3.6，庆大霉素为 0.2，胰 岛素仅为 0.001（3）Biological activity（生物活性）条件相对温和（4）Biological products require high quality （生物产 品要求高质量）（5）Get highly purified dry products（获得高纯度的干燥产品）（6）San
7、itation（卫生）因此，生物分离过程往往成本很高，在某些产品的生产过程中，分离成本可能占到总成本的 80以上Thus the recovery and the purification processes must be well conceived and well designed.（因此必须仔细考 虑和设计产品的回收和纯化过程）We have found that our own designs have been improved by answering the following questions: （设计中应考虑下列问题）（1）What is the value of th
8、e product?（产品价 值）（2）What is an acceptable product quality?（产品质量）（3）Where is the product in each process stream?（产物在生 产过程中出现的位置）（4）Where are the impurities in each process stream?（杂质在生产过程中出现的位置）（5）What are the unusual physicochemical properties of the product and the principal impurities?（主要杂质独特的物化性质
9、是什么？）（6）What are the economics of various alternative separations?（不同分离方法的技术经济比较）Careful consideration of these questions can provide clues that will lead to optimal processes for the recovery of products of adequate quality coupled with high recovery and minimum effort. （上述问题的考虑将有助于优质 、高效产物分离过程的优化）
10、六、生物分离的一般步骤From our experience, we find that most bioseparations have four similar steps:（生物分离一般分四步）1、不溶物的去除（固液分离）Removal of insolublesfiltration、centrifugation、cell disruption (necessary when the desired product is intracellular.)Relatively little product concentration or improvement of product qua
11、lity occurs. （提高产物浓度和质量）2、杂质粗分（浓缩）adsorption - ion-exchang（离子交换吸附）extraction （萃取）solvent extraction（溶剂萃取）reversed micelle extraction（反微团萃取） supercritical fluid extraction（超临界流体萃取）aqueous phase extraction（双水相萃取）These steps, which are relatively nonspecific, remove materials of widely divergent proper
12、ties compared to the desired product. （以上分离过程不具备特异性，只是进行初分）Appreciable concentration and product quality increases usually occur.（可提高产物浓度和质量）3、纯化chromatography（色谱）electrophoresis（电泳）precipitation（沉淀）These processing technology are highly selective for the product and remove impurities of similar che
13、mical functionality and physical properties.（以上技术具有产物的高选择性和杂质的去除性）4、精制crystallization（结晶）drying （干燥）七、本章作业1、生物分离工程在生物技术中的地位？2、生物分离工程的特点是什么？3、生物分离工程可分为几大部分，分别包括哪些单元操作？4、在设计下游分离过程前，必须考虑哪些问题方能确保我们所设计的工艺过程最为经济、可靠？第二讲 过滤 2 学时一、通过本章学习应掌握的内容1、何谓过滤2、过滤的基本形式3、凝聚和絮凝的区别4、常用的絮凝剂有哪些5、过滤设备分类6、常用过滤设备及其特点二、过滤的基本概念过
14、滤是在某一支撑物上放过滤介质，注入含固体颗粒的溶液，使液体通过，固体颗粒留下，是固液分离的常用方法之一。Filtration separates solid from a liquid by forcing the liquid through a solid support or filter medium. This is a straight forward procedure for well defined crystals. 三、过滤前物料的前处理However the small size of microorganisms make filtration of fermenta
15、tion beers or other biological solutions considerably more complicated. Generally, fermentation beers and other biological solutions are notoriously hard to filter. They are often hard to filter because of high non-Newtonian viscosity or highly compressible cakes. That is to say, we must modified th
16、ese procedures for bio-separations.通常发酵液和生物溶液是高粘度的和非牛顿流体，是很难过滤的，为了加快过滤速度，通常可采用以下方法：1、加热（Heating）降低液体粘度2、凝聚和絮凝（Coagulation and flocculation）在电介质作用下，破坏溶质胶体颗粒表面的双电层，破坏胶体系统的分散状态，使胶体粒子聚集的过程四、影响凝聚作用的主要因素Simple electrolytes act by screening the electrostatic repulsion, which commonly exists between colloidal particles. When this electrostatic repulsion is reduced, attractive London-vander waals forces predominate. The colloids can then coagulate as larger, dense p
