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1、（10）：禽流感不祥之兆OminousFOR most of the past three years, the highly pathogenic bird flu known as H5N1 has been found mainly in Asia. Suddenly it has arrived in many countries in Europe, triggering widespread alarm. The detection of the virus in wild birds across Europe is certainly a cause for concern,
2、particularly to Europes poultry farmers, who are rightfully worried that the presence of the virus in wild birds will increase the risk to their flocks. However, in the midst of a European debate about the benefits of vaccinating chickens and whether or not poultry should be brought indoors, there i
3、s a danger that far more significant events elsewhere will be overlooked1.过去的近三年中，H5N1 型高致病性禽流感主要出现在亚洲，如今已波及许多欧洲国家，为我们敲响了疫情广泛流行的警钟。从途经欧洲的野生禽类体内检测出的禽流感病毒肯定让人们感到担忧，尤其是对于欧洲家禽养殖农户而言更是如此。这些农户担心野生禽类携带的病毒将危及到他们的家禽，这种担心无可厚非。不过，在关于给鸡注射疫苗到底有没有用以及应不应该对家禽实行圈养的这场争论中，欧洲人可能会忽视别的一些极为重要的事情，这很危险。In particular, most a
4、ttention should be focused on the fact that bird flu is now widespread in the poultry flocks of two nations in AfricaEgypt and Nigeriaand in India. And on the fact that, in Nigeria, the disease is continuing to spread despite great efforts undertaken by the government. An outbreak in Afghanistan als
5、o appears to be inevitable.需要特别指出的是，目前禽流感疫情在非洲的两个国家埃及和尼日利亚以及印度家禽中已经蔓延开来，而且在尼日利亚，虽然政府已全力以赴，但疫情仍在不断地扩散。阿富汗发生疫情暴发流行似乎也在所难免。人们对此应当予以高度重视。Arguably, these matter much more than the (also inevitable) arrival of the disease in Europe. Poor countries with large rural populations are in a far weaker position
6、to handle, and stamp out2, outbreaks of bird flu in poultry, through both culling3 and the prevention of the movement of animals in the surrounding areas. In Africa and India, chickens and ducks are far more likely to be found roaming4 in peoples backyards, where they can mingle with humans, other d
7、omestic animals and wildlife, thus spreading the disease. In Europe, by contrast, most poultry are kept in regulated commercial farms.也许可以这么说，相比疫情进入欧洲（同样不可避免）而言，这些更至关紧要。贫穷国家农村人口多，对家禽中暴发的禽流感疫情处置和扑灭能力，都远远弱于欧洲国家，无论是通过控制和阻止周边地区内动物的流动。在非洲和印度，人们的院子里来回走动的鸡、鸭随处可见，它们与人群、其他家畜以及野生动物密切接触后，疫情遂得以传播。而在欧洲，大多数家禽都养殖在
8、管控严格的经济农场中。The opening up of a new African front for the bird-flu virus is a problem because eradication there will be tremendously difficult. There is a high risk that the disease will spread to other countries on the continent and it could easily become endemicas it has in Asia. This offers the vi
9、rus huge new scope to mutate and become a disease that can pass between humans. The virus is certainly mutatinggenetic changes have already affected its biological behavior, although apparently not yet its transmission between humans. Experts are unsure as to how much, and what kind, of genetic chan
10、ges would be required for the virus to become a global health threat. Nor do they know how long this process might take.禽流感病毒新近侵入非洲为人们提出了一个难题，因为那里的人要想根除疫情将非常困难。疫情很可能会蔓延到欧洲其他国家，而且会跟亚洲一样，无疑将导致地方性流行，从而增加了病毒变异的可能性，人畜禽流感就会变成人与人之间传播的疾病。的确，禽流感病毒正在发生变异很显然，基因上的改变尚未引起病毒在人间传播，但已经对病毒的生物学特性产生影响。至于病毒变异为人间传播类型从而威胁
11、人类健康，其基因到底需要改变多少和发生何种改变，有关专家还难以确定，也无从知晓这种变异到底需要多长时间。But to dwell on5 the increased risk of a pandemic of influenza is to miss a serious point about the direct risks posed by the loss of a large numbers of chickens and ducks across Africa. For some time, the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organi
12、zation has been warning that if avian flu gets out of control in Africa, it will have a devastating impact on the livelihoods of millions of people. Poultry is a vital source of protein. For example, it provides almost 50% of the protein in the diet of Egyptians. The spread of a disease that is high
13、ly lethal to poultry, and requires culling, could have a dire 6 nutritional impact, there as elsewhere. Africa would also have to contend with huge economic losses. People who scratch out7 a living in poor African nations simply cannot afford to lose their chickens. Most of the worlds poor live in r
14、ural areas and depend on agriculture. In Africa, rather a lot of these poor people depend heavily on their poultry. It is easy to see why some believe that bird flu could turn out to be primarily a developmentrather than just a healthissue for the whole African continent.但是，过分关注禽流感大流行的危险，就会无法认识到非洲大陆
15、丧失大批鸡、鸭所带来的直接威胁。联合国粮农组织曾一度发出警告，非洲禽流感疫情一旦失控，数百万人的生计将遭到灭顶之灾。家禽是蛋白质的重要来源，比如埃及人饮食中摄取的蛋白质 50%来自家禽。不论在哪里，一种对家禽极具毁灭性的疫病流行，必然导致家禽（染病的以及可疑病禽）被大范围捕杀，从而可能引发严重的营养问题。此外，非洲还必须应付巨大的经济损伤。对非洲穷国中靠养鸡勉强糊口的人们来说，鸡没了，这日子就完全过不下去了。世界上大多数穷人居住在农村，以农为生，而非洲这些人中一多半又主要依靠家禽养殖维持生计。所以不难理解，为什么有人认为，禽流感所引发的不仅仅是健康问题，更主要的还是发展问题。No game o
16、f chicken别拿鸡当儿戏What can be done? It is clear that the movement and trade of poultry is making a big contribution to the spread of the virus. That trade needs tighter regulation, as does the movement of live birds from countries with H5N1 infections. In such places trade should be suspended until flocks have been cleaned up.如何是好呢？显而易见，家禽的流动和交易对禽流感病毒的播散起到了很大作用。我们必须对禽类交易以及来自 H5N1 病毒感染疫区国家的活禽流动进行严格管控。在病禽尚未彻底扑杀之前，这些地区应当停止禽类交易。In addition, Nigeria and
