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1、2009-8-131超分子化学导论之一From molecular chemistry to supramolecular chemistry张 希清华大学化学系How to present a seminar course of supramolecular chemistry?-Students are active listeners. -Teaching and research are interplayed. - Research philosophy methods are highlighted.参考教材 作为李叔同的弟子，丰子恺是中国一代漫画大家。据现在可以搜集到的资料证明，
2、 人散后，一钩新月天如水 是丰丰子恺先生发表的第一幅漫画。1924年，丰子恺的好友朱自清把这幅画稿拿了去，发表在了朱自清和俞平伯当时合办的一份不定期文艺刊物 我们的七月 上。 人散后，一钩新月天如水 是一幅古诗新画，画题来自宋朝临川 (属江西 )诗人谢无逸的 千秋， 咏夏景 。这幅画发表后，得到了郑振铎的高度赞赏。唐敖庆：站着 读书，而不要躺着读书1. Chemistry: where we are and where to go?2009-8-132化学的魅力：创造新物质合成氨 ： 1909年， Fritz Haber， Os催化剂 , 高压合成氨工业的奠基人。如果没有把空气中的氮充分利用起
3、来，世界的粮食会减半。合成抗生素及新药 ： 平均寿命缩短 25年。高分子材料 ： 如果没有合成纤维、合成塑料和合成橡胶，人类生活质量就会受到很大影响。信息技术的核心材料 ： 化学合成硅。今天的现代生活离不开化学！WHAT CHEMISTS WANT TO KNOWNature 2006, 3rd August记者采访一些著名科学家，讨论化学未来的发展方向2009-8-133“Chemistry creates its object,” as the French chemist Marcelin Berthelot wrote in 1860.“The nature of the cell i
4、s an entirely molecular problem. It has nothing to do with biology.” G. WhitesidesHow do we make the materials needed for the future, in energy, aerospace or medicine?“How do I plug my computer into my brain?” G. Whitesides asks.“How does self-organization arise and how does it lead the Universe to
5、generate an entity that is able to reflect on its own origin?” J. M. Lehn says.It has been estimated that there are about 1040 possible molecules that could be made from common elements. “The known chemical world is nowhere near 1% of that,” says R. Breslow.2009-8-1342. Introduction to supramolecula
6、r chemistryPederson C. J. 1967： the compound dissolved sparingly in methanol, but its solubility was enhanced significantly on addition of alkali metal salts. He eventually concluded: the potassium ion had fallen into the hole at the center of the molecule.Chance discovery of crown ether 0.4%Macropo
7、lycyclic structuresMacrocyclic Macrobicyclic CylindricalmacrotricyclicSpherical macrotricyclicMolecular Chemistry Chemistry is the science of matter and its transformations. Since the synthesis of urea by F. Woehler in 1828, molecular chemistry has gained rapid progress and established its power ove
8、r the covalent bond. The synthesis of Vitamin B12 by R.B. Woodward and A. Eschenmoser in 1968 represents a high status of the organic chemistry.2009-8-135ChemistryMOLECULAR SUPRAMOLECULARAB CDSYNTHESIScovalent bondsRECEPTORSUBSTRATEINTERACTIONintermolecularbondsSUPRAMOLECULERECOGNITIONTRANSFORMATION
9、TRANSLOCATIONSELF-ASSEMBLYSELF-ORGANISATIONFUNCTIONALCOMPONENTSpolymolecularassemblyMOLECULAR ANDSUPRAMOLECULARDEVICESFunctional supramolecular systemsBiomembrane LiposomeMicellesMonolayersMultilayersLiquid crystalsSurface functionalizationHost/guestsystems2D ProteincrystallizationEnzymefunction+ELi
10、fe scienceMolecularrecognitionMolecularself-organizationFunctionviaorganizationOrderandmobilityMaterials scienceHelmut Ringsdorf Angew Chem.Int.Ed. 1988, 23, 113. As stated by J. M. Lehn: Time has come to do the same for non-covalent intermolecular forces. Beyond molecular chemistry based on the cov
11、alent bond, there lies the field of supramolecular chemistry, whose goal is to gain control over the intermolecular bond.Novelty is linked to the pastE. Fishcer in 1894:“Lock and Key ”, implying geometrical complementarity that lays the basis of molecular recognition.K.L. Wolf et al, Z. Phys. Chem.,
12、 1937, B36, 237“Ubermolekuele”, describing entities of higher organization resulting from the association of coordinatively saturated species.Supramolecular chemistry has been defined, conceptualized, and structured into a coherent system. Its roots extend into different subjects of chemistry and ot
13、her physical science.有机化学： 分子构筑基元的合成配位化学： 分子受体化学的基础物理化学： 分子间相互作用的理论与实验研究生物化学： 生物的过程均从底物的结合与识别开始高分子科学 ：材料科学与生物科学的桥梁纳米科学： Bottom-up 纳米构建生命科学： 超分子生物学、结构生物学物理学： 介观物理Self-assembly 自组装Molecular recognition 分子识别Supermolecules 超分子Molecular assemblies 分子组装体Supramolecular chirality 超分子手性Molecular and supramol
14、ecular devices 分子和超分子器件Supramolecular polymers 超分子聚合物超分子化学是关于分子间相互作用和分子聚集体的化学在超分子层次，分子组装的重要性就如同分子化学中的合成2009-8-136Reinvent chemistry: Step across borders超分子科学的研究对象是分子聚集体 ， 分子聚集体形成的本质是分子间相互作用 ， 分子自组装是构筑各种各样分子聚集体的有效手段 。立项依据及拟解关键科学问题原子原子共价键分子分子非共价键分子聚集体分子层次 分子以上层次纳米科学结构生物学分子电子学超分子科学合成自组装超分子科学是 21世纪新概念和高技术的一个重要源头
