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1、生产要素最适投入分析,5.2 The Analysis of the Optimum Combination of Factors,教学目标Objectives：了解总产量、平均产量、边际产量的含义掌握总产量、平均产量、边际产量之间的关系理解生产弹性的含义学会确定一种生产要素投入的合理区域 知识点Knowledge：总产量、平均产量、边际产量、生产弹性技能点Skills：分析总产量、平均产量、边际产量之间的关系学会确定一种生产要素投入的合理区域,Optimum Combination of Factors Total physical product Average physical prod
2、uct Marginal physical product The rational region of production maximum average product the optimum input Total costs production elasticity Average (total) costMarginal cost Explicit cost Implicit costs Historic costs Replacement costs,专业词汇Professional terms,Definition Total physical product (TPP) T
3、he total output of a product per period of time that is obtained from a given amount of inputs.Average physical product (APP) Total output (TPP) per unit of the variable factor in question: APP=TPP/Qv.Marginal physical product (MPP) The extra output gained by the employment of one more unit of the v
4、ariable factor: MPP=TPP/Qv.,一、总产量、平均产量、边际产量,（一）什么是总产量、平均产量和边际产量总产量指一定量的某种可变的生产要素所生产出来的全部产量。我们所说的生产函数即是总产量生产函数。平均产量是指平均每单位某种可变的生产要素所生产出来的产量。它等于总产量除以用于生产的要素投放量。边际产量是单位可变的生产要素所增加的产量。即产品增量与生产要素增量的比值。,一、总产量、平均产量、边际产量,（一）什么是总产量、平均产量和边际产量,一、总产量、平均产量、边际产量,（一）什么是总产量、平均产量和边际产量,一、总产量、平均产量、边际产量,（一）什么是总产量、平均产量和边
5、际产量,一、总产量、平均产量、边际产量,（一）什么是总产量、平均产量和边际产量,（二）总产量、平均产量、边际产量之间的数量关系,（二）总产量、平均产量、边际产量之间的数量关系,在资本量不变的情况下，随着劳动投入量的不断增加，最初总产量、平均产量、边际产量都是上升的，但各自增加到一定程度后开始下降。边际产量曲线与平均产量曲线相交于平均产量曲线的最高点。在相交前，平均产量是递增的，边际产量大于平均产量（MPPAPP）；在相交后，平均产量是递减的，边际产量小于平均产量（MPPAPP）；在相交时，平均产量达到最大，边际产量等于平均产量（MPPAPP）边际产量大于零时，总产量增加，当边际产量为零时，总产
6、量达到最大，当边际产量为负数时，总产量减少。,二、生产弹性与生产投入三阶段的划分,The rational region of productionl The producer should apply at least as much input as to achieve the maximum average product.l The producer should not apply any more input once the marginal product is zero.l Within these limits (the RR of P) the optimum inpu
7、t use is determined by the price of the input relative to the price of the output.,二、生产弹性与生产投入三阶段的划分,（一）生产弹性 production elasticity (Ep) 生产弹性是指产品数量变动的比率与生产要素投入 量变动的比率之比，表示生产中产品产量变动对生产要素投入量变动的敏感程度。,二、生产弹性与生产投入三阶段的划分,（一）生产弹性 production elasticity (Ep) 当P 1时 ，即MPPAPP当P 1时，即MPPAPP当P 1时，即MPPAPP当P 0时，即MPP0
8、当P 0时，即MPP0,二、生产弹性与生产投入三阶段的划分,（二）生产投入三阶段的划分第一阶段，可变生产要素（L）投入量从开始至平均产量最高点，该阶段内P 1，边际产量大于平均产量，且平均产量不断增加。第二阶段，从平均产量最高点至总产量最高点，在该阶段内0P 1，平均产量大于边际产量，且平均产量和边际产量都不断减少，但边际产量大于零。第三阶段，自总产量最高点以后，在该阶段的P 0，边际产量为负值，总产量、平均产量都不断减少。,二、生产弹性与生产投入三阶段的划分,What happens when we apply price?l We can now ignore the average pr
9、oductl Total Product becomes Total Revenuel Marginal Product becomes Marginal Revenuel We just multiply them by the value of the output,二、生产弹性与生产投入三阶段的划分,Definition Total costs (TC) The sum of total fixed costs and total variable costs: TC=TFC+TVCAverage (total) cost (AC) Total cost per unit of outp
10、ut: AC=TC/Q=AFC+AVCMarginal cost (MC) The cost of producing one more unit of output: MC=TC/QExplicit cost The payments to outside suppliers of inputs.,二、生产弹性与生产投入三阶段的划分,Definition Implicit costs Costs that do not involve a direct payment of money to a third party, but which nevertheless involve a sa
11、crifice of some alternative.Historic costs The original amount the firm paid for factors it now owns.Replacement costs What the firm would have to pay to replace factors it currently owns.Fixed costs Total costs that do not vary with the amount of output produced.Variable costs Total costs that do v
12、ary with the amount of output produced.,二、生产弹性与生产投入三阶段的划分,Definition Total revenue (TR) A firms total earnings from a specified level of sales within a specified period: TR=PQ.Average revenue (AR) Total revenue per unit of output. When all output is sold at the same price, average revenue will be th
13、e same as price: AR=TR/Q=P.Marginal revenue (MR) The extra revenue gained by selling one more unit per period of time: MR=TR/Q,二、生产弹性与生产投入三阶段的划分,The point of profit maximisationl The level of input where MC=MR is where profit is maximised - the optimuml MC=MR i.e. the cost of an additional unit of i
14、nput is the same as the value of the output which results - so you cant squeeze out any more increments to profit.l This is also the maximum vertical distance between TC and TR i.e. the total profit from applying the input.,三、一种可变生产要素合理投入的确定,根据利润最大化原则，一种生产要素投入的最适点应在生产投入的边际收益和边际成本相等的水平上。,三、一种可变生产要素合理投入的确定,三、一种可变生产要素合理投入的确定,三、一种可变生产要素合理投入的确定,三、一种可变生产要素合理投入的确定,三、一种可变生产要素合理投入的确定,
