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1、Solid Waste and Environmental Problem,固体废弃物及其环境问题,New words,Municipality mju:,nisipliti 市政当局Manure 粪便straw-type plants 植物秸秆Infectious 传染的Discard disk:d 丢弃,Contents,Definitions of Solid WasteCategories of Solid WasteDamage by solid waste,What is solid waste ? Solid waste means abandoned materials in
2、solid, semi-solid state coming from production, construction, everyday life and other activities and causing environmental pollution.,固体废物，是指在生产建设、日常生活和其他活动中产生的污染环境的固态、半固态废弃物质。,Broadly defined, solid waste includes such items as household garbage, trash, refuse, as well as various solids, semisolids
3、, liquids (such as sludge for liquids in solid containers), and gases (often contained in solid containers, such as gas canisters), that result from mining, agricultural, commercial, and industrial activities.,2.Categories of Solid Waste 固体废物的分类 Solid waste can be divided into several categories. Ac
4、cording to:(1)chemic ingredient(成分): organic and inorganic waste;(2)harm for environment and human health: ordinary and hazardous waste; (3) Sources : industrial solid waste, municipality(市政) household garbage , radioactive, agricultural and mining waste.,2.1 Industrial Solid WasteIndustrial solid w
5、aste means solid waste discharged from production activities of industries, transportation, etc.工业固体废物，是指在工业、交通等生产活动中产生的固体废物。,Figure : Composition of China Industrial Solid Waste in 2000,2.2 Municipality household garbage (MSW)more commonly known as trash or garbageconsists of everyday items such as
6、 product packaging, furniture, clothing, bottles, food scraps, newspapers, appliances, and batteries.,Figure : Composition of Municipal Solid Waste in China in 1999,2.3 Agricultural solid wasteIt is also known as agricultural waste, mainly manure(粪便） and straw-type plants（植物秸秆）.Agricultural waste is
7、 second most common form of waste . Most agricultural waste can be used as fertilizer or for other soil-enhancement activities.,2.4 Hazardous Solid WasteHazardous waste ,the broader term, commonly refers to all dangerous materials ,including toxic ones, that present an immediate or long-term human h
8、ealth risk or environmental risk. The definition of hazardous waste is that they cause or significantly contribute to an increase in mortality（死亡率）or an increase in serious illness; Hazardous Solid Waste In 2002, 10,001,600 tons hazardous waste was generated. Among which, 115,300 tons were radioacti
9、ve waste.,3. Damage of Solid Waste in Environment3.1 Occupying and polluting land 侵占和污染土地Large areas of land are currently used in China for the uncontrolled disposal of solid waste. Estimates indicate that in recent year, a total of 5.9 billion tones of industrial waste ,occupying 540 million cubic
10、，have been improperly stored or discarded.,3. Damage of Solid Waste in Environment3.2 Polluting Water污染水体 Waste dumped near a water source can cause contamination of the water body or the ground water source. Direct dumping of untreated waste in rivers, seas, and lakes results in the accumulation of
11、 toxic substances in the food chain through the plants and animals that feed on it.,污染水体,3. Damage of Solid Waste in Environment3.3 Polluting Air 污染大气Improperly operated incineration（焚化）plants cause air pollution and improperly managed and designed landfills attract all types of insects and rodents（
12、啮齿动物）that spread disease.,3. Damage of Solid Waste in Environment3.3 Effect on Environment 影响环境卫生Waste that is not properly managed, especially solid waste from households and the community, are a serious health hazard and lead to the spread of infectious（传染的） diseases. Unattended waste lying around
13、 attracts flies, rats, and other creatures that in turn spread disease. Normally it is the wet waste that decomposes and releases a bad odour（臭味）.,垃圾人 与 垃圾猪,垃圾人 与 垃圾猪,1.status of solid waste in china2.Basic Item in Management of Solid Waste3.Managing means of Solid Waste 4.Treatment and deposal of S
14、olid Wastes,全国工业固体废物产生及处理情况 单位：万吨,2003年，全国生活垃圾清运量为14857万吨，比上年增加8.8%;其中生活垃圾无害化处理量为7550万吨,比上年增加2.0%,生活垃圾无害化处理率为50.8%。,1.status of solid waste in china,我国人均年垃圾产量分布,2.Basic Item in Management of Solid Waste 固体废弃物管理的基本原则In its early stages, research on solid-waste management and disposal has been classif
15、ied as -“resource, reduction, harmless .在初期，世界各国都把注意力放在末端治理上，提出了 “三化”原则- 资源化 减量化 无害化,2.1 Resource is the need for more sustainable approaches to using natural resources and represent new challenges to our society.,资源化也称为综合利用，是指通过对废物中的有用成分进行回收、加工、循环利用或其他再利用，使废物直接变为产品或转化为能源及二次原料。如废旧容器的回用、废塑料热解制燃料油、废纸回
16、用做纸浆、垃圾焚烧发电、填埋产沼利用等。,2.2 Reduce the amount of Solid Waste, means consuming and throwing away less.It includes:purchasing durable, long-lasting goods; seeking products and packaging that are as free of toxics as possible; redesigning products to use less raw material in production, have a longer life, or be used again after its original use. Source reduction actually prevents the generation of waste in the first place, so it is the most preferred method of waste management and goes a long way toward protecting the environment.,
