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1、1. Psycholinguistics is the study of psychological aspects of language; it usually studies the psychological states and mental activity associated with the use of language. As an interdisciplinary academic field basied on psychology and linguistics, psycholinguistics investigates the six following s
2、ubjects: language acquisition, language comprehension, language production, language disorders,language and thought, and cognitive architecture of language, the most important research subjects are acquisition, comprehension and production.2. Language acquisition is one of the central topics in psyc
3、holinguistics. Acquiring a first language is something every child does successfully, in a matter of a few years and without the need for formal lessons. Four phrases are identified and acknowledged in the process of language acquisition: holophrastic stage, two-word stage, three-word utterances, an
4、d, fluent grammatical conversation stage.3. holophrastic stage is the first phase of language acquisition. The main linguistic accomplishments during this stage are control of the speech musculature and sensitivity to the phonetic distinctions used in the parents language. Shortly before their first
5、 birthday, babies begin to unstand words, and around that birthday, they start to produce them.4. two-word stage is the second phase of language acquisition. Around 18 months, the child begins to learn words at the rate of one every two walking hours, and keeps learning that rate or faster through a
6、dolescence.5. Three-word utterances stage is the third phase of language acquisition. Three-word utterances look like samples drawn from longer potential sentences expressing a complete and more complated idea.6. connectionism: With respection to the respect to language comprehension, connectionism
7、in psycholinguistics claims that readers use the same system of links between spelling units and sound units to generate the pronunciations of written words and to access the pronunciations of familiar words, or words that are exceptions to these patterns. In this view, similarity and frequency play
8、 important roles in processing and comprehending language, with the novel iterms being processed based on their similarity to known ones.7. Cohort model is a supposed doctrine dealing with the spoken word recognition postulation postulated by Marslen-Wilson and Welsh in 1990. It is suggested that th
9、e first few phonemes of a spoken word activate a set or cohort of word candidates that are consistent with the input. These candidates compete with one another for activation. As more acoustic input is analyzed, candidates that are no longer consistent with the input drop out of the set. This proces
10、s continues until only one word candidate is a clear winner.8. Interactive model holds that in recognizing the spoken words higher processing levels have direct, “top-down” influence on lower levels. Lexical knowedge can affect the perception of phonemes. There is interactivity in the formal of lexi
11、cal effects on the perception of sublexical units. In certain cases, listeners knowledge of words can lead to the inhibition of certain phonems; in other cases, listeners continue to “hear” phonemes that have been removed from the speech signal and replaced by noise.9. Race model suggests in spoken
12、word recognition there are two routes that race each othera pre-lexical route, which computers phonological information from the acoustic signal, and a lexical route in which the phonological information associated with a word becomes available when the word itself is accessed When wordlevel informa
13、tion appears to affect a lower-level process, it is assumed that the lexical route won the race.10. Serial model proposes that the sentence comprehension system continually and sequentially follows the constraints of a language grammar with remarkable speed. serial model describes how the processor
14、quickly constructs one or more representations of a sentence based on a restricted range of information that is guaranteed to be relevant to its interpretation ,primarily grammatical information .Any such representation is then quickly interpreted and evaluated, using the full range of information t
15、hat might be relevant.11. Parallel model emphasizes that the comprehension system is sensitive to a vast range of information .including grammatical, lexical, and contextual, as well as knowledge of the speakerwriter and of the world in general. parallel model describes how the processor users all r
16、elevant information to quickly evaluate the full range of possible interpretations of a sentence .it is generally acknowledged that listener and readers integrate and situational knowledge in understanding a sentence.12. Resonance model is a model about text comprehension, in this model , information in long-term memory is automatically activated by the presence of material that apparently bears a rough semantic relation to it .semantic details, including factors such
