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1、Manipulator is now used as a industrial robots in use, the control objectives often appear often in industrial automation. Industrial automation technology has gradually matured, as mature a technology line has been rapid development in industrial automation as a separate subject. Manipulator applic
2、ation began to filter into welding, logistics, mechanical processing, and other industries. Especially at high or very low temperatures, full of poisonous gases, high radiation case, robot in similar circumstances showed great use also brings great convenience to the staff. Precisely because of this
3、 robot to get peoples attention began to be a high degree of development. Labor rates, working conditions, labor intensive aspects of promoting development. Both at home and abroad to develop the PLC (programmable logic controller) is in various special circumstances and under special conditions set
4、 for mechanical devices. Now turned on the development of the microelectronics automatic control technology and the rapid development of the trains, the success of PLC hardware software and simulation control win big and successful development, now continues to develop as a factory automation standa
5、rds. Because robots are good development of the technology makes a good optimization of productive capital, and robot shows this unique advantages, such as: has good compatibility, wide availability, hardware is complete, and programming that can be mastered in a short time, so in the context of ind
6、ustrial PLC applications became ubiquitous. Manipulator in many developed country agriculture and industry has been applied, such as the use of mechanical harvesting large areas of farmland, repeated operations on the high-speed line that uses a robotic arm, and so on. Today, the high level of autom
7、ation combined with restrictions on the manipulator development level is slightly lower than the international. The design is mainly arm welding machine by PLC Automation control. This of design let designers on in school by learn of has a must of consolidation, understand has some usually didnt opp
8、ortunities awareness in world range within some leading level of knowledge has has must awareness, hope designers can in yihou of design in the can success of using in this design in the proceeds of experience 1.2 manipulator in both at home and abroad of research profile automation mechanical arm r
9、esearch began Yu 20th century medium-term, after years with with computer and automation technology of development, Makes mechanical arm on the Grand stage of industrial automation and shine, gradually became an industrial evaluation standards, and its importance can be seen. Now original robotic ar
10、m spent most of mass production and use on the production line, which is programmed robotic arm. As the first generation of manipulator position control systems main features, although not back several generations that can detect the external environment, but can still successfully complete like wel
11、ding, painting, delivery as well as for materials simple movements. Second generation mechanical arms are equipped with sensors and manipulators have the environment there is a certain amount of sense, when the mechanical arm is to use the program as a basis. Difference is that the robot begand2007年
12、一级建造师公路工程考试真题及答案一、单项选择题（共20题，每题1分。每题的备选项中，只有1个最符合题意）1下列各类挡土墙，属于柔性结构物的是（ ）。A加筋土挡土墙B衡重式挡土墙C壁板式锚杆挡土墙D重力式挡土墙2可用于各级公路基层和底基层的粒料材料是（ ）。A天然砂砾B级配碎石C泥结碎石D填隙碎石3使用振动压路机碾压沥青玛蹄脂碎石SMA混合料时，宜采用的振动方法是（ ）。A低频率、低振幅B高频率、高振幅C低频率、高振幅D高频率、低振幅4路面基层在整个路面中的主要作用是（ ）。A隔水B承重C防冻D降噪5桥梁按结构体系划分，有梁式桥、拱桥、悬索桥和（ ）四种基本体系。A斜拉桥B刚架桥C连续刚构桥D梁
13、、拱组合体系桥6某高速公路有一座单跨拱桥，其净跨径为l0，计算跨径为l，净矢高为f0，计算矢高为f，则该拱桥的矢跨比为（ ）。Af0/l0Bf0/lCf/l0Df/l7公路桥涵设计采用的偶然作用包括地震作用、船舶或漂流物的撞击作用和（ ）。A温度变化作用B基础变位作用C汽车撞击作用D混凝土收缩及徐变作用8采用新奥法施工的隧道，其开挖方法一般为（ ）。A钻爆法B沉管法C盾构法D盖挖法9根据公路工程施工企业资质类别划分要求，桥梁工程专业承包企业资质划分为 （ ）。A一级、二级B一级、二级、三级C特级、一级、二级D特级、一级、二级、三级10交通标线是由标划于路面上的各种线条、箭头、文字、立面标记和（
14、 ）等构成的。A分合流标志B线形诱导标C突起路标D轮廓标11高速公路收费系统能够完成收费站、路段分中心、省结算中心之间收费业务数据、（ ）、时钟等的通信。A紧急电话B视频会议C费率D办公信息12某段道路工程施工，路基填方高度20m，根据进度计划安排，要求路基回填完成自然沉降半年后，再进行路面施工，则路基填筑与路面施工之间的进度计划搭接关系是（ ）。A开始到开始B开始到结束C结束到开始D结束到结束13滑坡体土方的正确开挖方法是（ ）。A从滑坡体中部向两侧自上而下进行B从滑坡体两侧向中部自下而上进行C从滑坡体两侧向中部自上而下进行D从滑坡体两侧向中部全面拉槽开挖14公路施工规范规定路基弯沉测试的标
15、准方法是（ ）。A环刀法B自动弯沉仪法C落锤弯沉仪法D贝克曼法15公路工程的间接费是由企业管理费和（ ）两项组成的。A预留费B建设单位管理费C财务费D现场经费16对于可调价的公路工程合同，在截止投标日之前的（ ）天以后的法律法规变更引起的费用增减，合同价可相应调整。A7B14C28D3017在下列试验项目中，属于标准试验的是（ ）。A砂的性能试验B混合料的配合比试验C沥青混凝土试验路段试验D预制构件的验证试验18按公路工程质量检验评定标准的要求，项目在竣工验收时综合评价为优良的必要条件是（ ）。A质量评定大于等于90分B项目法人工作评价大于等于90分C施工单位工作评价大于等于90分D监理工作评价大于等于90分19公路工程中，配备最普遍的技术工人是测量工和（ ）。A钢筋工B术工C实验工D混凝土工20按照公路建设市场管理办法的规定，允许分包的工程范围应当在招标文件中规定，分包工程的工程量
