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1、新编简明英语语言学教程 Chapter one Introduction 一、定义 1. 语言学 Linguistics Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 2. 普通语言学 General Linguistics The study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics. 3. 语言 language Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used fo
2、r human communication. 语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。 4. 识别特征 Design Features It refers to the defining poperties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. 语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定 性特征。 Arbitrariness任意性 Productivity多产性 Duality双重性 Displacement移位性 Cultural transmission
3、文化传递 arbitrariness There is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. P.S the arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions Productivity Animals are quite limited in the messages they are able to sen
4、d. Duality Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures ,or two levels. Displacement Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. Cultural transmission Human capacity for language has a genetic basis, but we have to be taught and l
5、earned the details of any language system. this showed that language is culturally transmitted. not by instinct. animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species. 5. 语言能力 Competence Competence is the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language. 6. 语言运用
6、performance Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. 语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的体现。 7. 历时语言学 Diachronic linguistics The study of language change through time. a diachronic study of language is a historical study, which studies the historical development of language
7、 over a period of time. 8. 共时语言学 Synchronical linguistics The study of a given language at a given time. 9. 语言 langue The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community. 10. 言语 parole The realization of langue in actual use. 11. 规定性 Prescriptive It aims to lay down rules for
8、”correct ” behavior, to tell people what they should say and what should not say. 12. 描述性 Descriptive A linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use. 二、知识点 1.language is not an isolated phenomenon, it s a social activity carried out in a certain social environment by huma
9、n beings. 语言不是一种孤立的现象， 而是人类在一定的社会环境下进行的一种 社会活动。 2. 几种观点和现象的提出者： 瑞士语言学家 F.de Saussure F.de Saussure:Langue和 parole 的 区别 U.S.A linguist N.Chomsky美国语言学家 N.Chomsky in1950针 对 Saussure s langue the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. In modern linguistics, synchroni
10、c study is more important. Speech and writing 口头语与书面语 Speech and writing are the two major media of communication. Modern linguistics regards the spoken form of language as primary, but not the written form. Reasons are: 1. Speech precedes writing; 2. There are still many languages that have only th
11、e spoken form; 3. In terms of function, the spoken language is used for a wider range of purposes than the written, and carries a larger load of communication than the written. Langue and parole 语言和言语 The Swiss linguist F. de Saussure made the distinction between langue and parole early 20th century
12、. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Saussure made the distinction in order to single out one aspect of language for serious study. He believes what linguists should do is to a
13、bstract langue from parole, to discover the regularities governing the actual use of language and make them the subjects of study of linguistics. Competence and performance 语言能力和语言运用 Proposed by American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950s. He defines competence as the ideal users knowledge of the
14、 rules of his language, and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. He believes the task of the linguists is to discover and specify the language rules. Chapter Two Phonology 一、定义 1. 宽式音标 Broad transcription The transcription of speech sounds with letter sym
15、bols only. 2. 窄式音标 Narrow transcription The transcription of speech sound with letters symbols and the diacritics. 3. 清音 Voiceless When the vocal cords are drawn wide apart ,letting air go through without causing vibration ,the sounds produced in such a condition are called voiceless sounds. 4. 浊音 V
16、oicing Sounds produced while the vocal cords are vibrating are called voiced sounds. 5. 元音 Vowel The sounds in the production of which no articulators come very close together and the air stream passes through the vocal tract without obstruction are called vowels. 6. 辅音 Consonants The sounds in the production of which there is an obstruction of the air stream at some point of the vocal tract are called consonants. 7. 音位 Phoneme The basic unit in phonology, it s a collection of distinctive phonet
