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1、1高中英语语法总结大全之定语从句定语从句 定语从句在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。关系代词有:who, whom, whose, that, which 等。关系副词有:when, where, why 等。w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m 关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。1)who, whom, that这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从
2、句中所起作用如下:Is he the man who/that wants to see you?他就是你想见的人吗?(who/that 在从句中作主语)He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天见的那个人。 (whom/that 在从句中作宾语)2) Whose 用来指人或物,(只用作定语, 若指物,它还可以同 of which 互换), 例如:They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.那人车坏了,大家都跑过去帮忙。Please pass me the book w
3、hose (of which) cover is green.请递给我那本绿皮的书。3)which, that它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等,例如:A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。 (which / that 在句中作宾语)The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that
4、在句中作宾语)w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m 关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。1)when, where, why关系副词 when, where, why 的含义相当于介词+ which结构,因此常常和介词+ which结构交替使用,例如:There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.北京是我的出生地。Is this the reason why (
5、for which) he refused our offer?这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗?2)that 代替关系副词that 可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代 when, where, why 和介词+ which引导的定语从句,在口语中 that 常被省略,例如:2His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born.他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years a
6、go. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m 判断关系代词与关系副词 方法一: 用关系代词,还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语,就必须要求用关系代词;而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如:This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.Ill never forget the days when I worked together with you.判断改错(注:先显示题,再显示答案,横线;用不同的颜色表示出。 )(错) This is the mountain villa
7、ge where I visited last year.(错) I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.(对) This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.(对) Ill never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when 联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。方法二: 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定
8、、状),也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。例 1. Is this museum _ you visited a few days age?A. Where B. That C. on which D. the one例 2. Is this the museum _ the exhibition was held.A. Where B. That C. on which D. the one答案:例 1 D,例 2 A例 1 变为肯定句: This museum is _ you visited a few days ago.例 2 变为肯定句: This is the museum _ t
9、he exhibition was held. 在句 1 中,所缺部分为宾语,而 where, that, on which 都不能起到宾语的作用,只有 the one 既做了主句的表语,又可做从句的宾语,可以省略关系代词,所以应选 D。 而句 2 中, 主、谓、宾俱全,从句部分为句子的状语表地点,既可用副词 where,又因 in the museum 词组,可用介词 in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中,介词 on 用的不对,所以选 A。关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分,先行词在从句中作主、定、宾语时,选择关系代词 (who, whom, that, which, whose);
10、 先行词在从句中做状语时,应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语,when 时间状语,why 原因状语) 。w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m 限制性和非限制性定语从句 1) 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明确;非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明,去掉了也不会影响主句的意思,它与主句之间通常用逗号分开,例如:This is the house which we bought last month.这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。(限制性)The house, which we bought last month, is very n
11、ice.这幢房子很漂亮,是我们上个月买的。 (非限制性)2) 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时,其后的定语从句通常是非限3制性的,例如:Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理史密斯去年退休了,他曾经是我的老师。My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说
12、很动人,我已经读了三遍。3) 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数,例如:He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思,这使我心烦。Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽,这就叫做蒸发。说明:关系代词 that 和关系副词 why 不能引导非限制性定语从句。w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m 介词+关系词 1)介词后面的关系词不能
13、省略。2)that 前不能有介词。3) 某些在从句中充当时间,地点或原因状语的介词+关系词结构可以同关系副词when 和 where 互换。This is the house in which I lived two years ago.This is the house where I lived two years ago.Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?Do you remember the day when you joined our club?w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m as, which 非限定
14、性定语从句 由 as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句, as 和 which 可代整个主句,相当于 and this 或 and that。As 一般放在句首,which 在句中。As we know, smoking is harmful to ones health.The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.典型例题1)Alice received an invitation from her boss, _came as a surprise.A. It B. That C. Which D. he答案 C. 此为
15、非限定性从句,不能用 that 修饰,而用 which.,it 和 he 都使后句成为句子,两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选 he 句意不通。2)The weather turned out to be very good, _ was more than we could expect. A. What B. Which C. That D. it答案 B。which 可代替句子,用于非限定性定语从句,而 what 不可。That 不能用于非限定性定语从句,it 不为连词,使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。3)It rained hard yesterday, _ pr
16、evented me from going to the park.A. That B. Which C. As D. it答案 B. as 和 which 在引导非限制性定语从句时,这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思,4且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点:(1) as 引导的定语从句可置于句首,而 which 不可。(2) as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时,从句中的谓语必须是系动词;若为行为动词,则从句中的关系代词只能用 which.。在本题中,prevent 由于是行为动词,所以正确选项应为 B。As 的用法例 1. the same as;suchas 中的 as 是一种固定结构, 和一样。I have got into the same trouble as he (has).例 2. as 可引导非限制性从句,常带有正如。As we know, smoking is harmful to ones heal