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1、语法知识- 非谓语动词Page 1 of 7非谓语动词非谓语动词，顾名思义，即不能做谓语的动词。英语中的非谓语动词有三种：不定式、V-ing, V-ed(过去分词)。非谓语动词在英语中用法很多，作用强大，十分重要，所以要下苦功夫掌握。第一节 V-ing一 V-ing 的词性V-ing 有名词词性- 在句中，可做主语，宾语，表语。V-ing 有形容词词性- 在句中，可做定语，宾语补足语/主语补足语。V-ing 有副词词性-在句中，可做状语。V-ing 有动词词性-v-ing 本身有时态和语态的变化。V-ing 的两个特点： 一是表示主动关系 二是表示 V-ing 的动作正在进行二 V-ing 在
2、句子中的成分1. V-ing 做主语V-ing 做主语与动词不定式做主语没有太大的区别，往往可以通用Somking can cause cancer.= To smoke can cause cancer.Finding a job is difficult now. = To find a job is difficult now.Walking is good exercise.= To walk is good exercise.用形式主语 it，把真正的主语 ing 形式移置句尾。但这种句子形式有一定的限制，作表语的只能是某些形容词或少数名词。It is useless trying
3、to argue with ShylockIts worth making the effort.It is no good trying to explain?在 there be no 结构中作主语, 这种结构的意思相当于“It is impossible to do ”。There is no joking about such matter. 这种事开不得玩笑There is no hiding of evil but not to do it. 若要人不知，除非己莫为。归纳：常用-ing 形式作主语的句型有：It +be +a waste of time doing 做是浪费时间的I
4、t is/was no good/use doing 做是没益/用处的It is/was hardly/scarcely worth doing 做不值得It is/was worth/worthwhile doing 做是值得的There is no doing 无法 ， 不允许There is no sense in doing 做没有道理There is/was no use doing 干 无意义 There is/was nothing worse than doing 没有比.更糟的There is/was no point doing 干无意义2. 表语不定式和 V-ing 做表
5、语一般来说没有多大区别，只是不定式做表语又是可以表示将来，而 V-ing 作表语不可以表示将来，表示一般的和抽象的情况His job is raising pigs.= His job is to raise pigs.语法知识- 非谓语动词Page 2 of 7One of his duties is typing. = One of his duties is to type.Keeping the money you pick up is stealing. = To keep the money you pick up is to steal.注意：只能说： Seeing is bel
6、ieving. = To see is to believe.不能说： To see is believing. 也不能说： Seeing is to believe.V-ing 做表语有“令人。 。 。 ，使人。 。 。 ”的意思The news was surprising.The present situation is encouraging.The information sounded discouraging.He is a man of humor. We all think he is interesting.My son is always disappointing, f
7、or he never lives up to my hopes.The politician is good at lectures and he is very inspiring.3. 宾语Ving 可以用在某些动词和介词后做宾语（1）动词宾语：Ving 和不定式都可以做动词的宾语，但，并不是所有的动词都可以用Ving 或不定式作宾语1）有些动词后只能用 Ving 作宾语2）有些动词后只能用不定式作宾语3）有些动词后既可以用 Ving 又可以用不定式作宾语，意思区别不大4）有些动词后既可以用 Ving 又可以用不定式作宾语，意思区别很大常用的只能用 Ving 作宾语的动词有：sugges
8、t、finish 、avoid 、admit、 mind 、imagine、 put off、 delay、 cant stand、 enjoy、 practise、 risk、 escape、 miss、 consider(考虑) 、forgive、 appreciate、 give up 、mention 、keep 等No one can escape being punished if he breaks the law.It is said that he is considering going abroad.常用的既可以用 Ving 又可以用不定式作宾语，意思区别不大的动词有：s
9、tart 、begin continue、 love、 like、 hate、 intend 、attempt 等Do you like to playplaying chess?The man attempted enteringto enter our school but guard stopped him.注意一：下列情况中 begin 和 start 后须接不定式：1）主语是物不是人时 Spring came on and the snow began to melt.2）后接表示心理活动或状态的动词时 I began to realize how stupid i was.3）be
10、gin 和 start 用于进行时态时 It is beginning to snow.4）后接被动式时 the new type of computer began to be developed in the 2000s.注意二：hate 、like、 love 等次后接 Ving 表示经常性动作，后接不定式表示具体的特定的动作 She likes singing and dancing, but she doesnt like to sing or dance today.常用的既可以用 Ving 又可以用不定式作宾语，意思有很大的区别的有1). remember to do sth.
11、2). forget to do sth.remember doing sth. forget doing sth.3） regret to do sth. 4）try to do sth.语法知识- 非谓语动词Page 3 of 7regret doinghaving done sth. try doing sth.5）stop to do sth. 6）. cant help to do sth.stop doing sth. cant help doing sth.7） go on to do sth. 8） used to do sth. go on doing sth. be use
12、d to do sth.be used to doing sth.4. 定语 所修饰的名词为物，表示所修饰名词的用途building materials = materials for building 建筑材料drinking water = water for drinking 饮用水a walking stick = a stick for walking 手杖a reading room = a room for reading 阅览室a writing desk = a desk for writing 写字台 所修饰的名词是人时，表示所修饰名词的正在进行的动作或此时所处的状态。位置
13、： 单个 v-ing 做定语，放在所修饰名词前面V-ing 短语作定语，放在所修饰名词后面，V-ing 短语作定语可转化为于定语从a burning stick a sleeping baby the rising sun a room facing the street= a room which faces the streetthe man standing there = the man who is standing theremany volunteers helping the flooded area = many volunteers who are helping the
14、flooded areathe boy standing under the tree= the boy who is standing under the treethe children playing there= the children who are playing there5. 作状语V-ing 做状语可以表示伴随、原因、时间、结果和条件等；做时间、原因或条件状语，通常位于句子的前部；做伴随，结果状语时，通常位于句子的后部。（1）伴随状语,一般要放在句末，也可以在句首The boy came running to tell us the news.The six blind m
15、en stood by the roadside, begging all day.The professor came in, following some students.（2）原因状语，相当于原因状语从句，一般放在句首或句末Being poor, the boy couldnt afford to go to school. = As the boy was poor, he couldnt afford to go to school.Not knowing his address, we could not get in touch with him. = Because we did not know his address, we could not get in touch with him.(3) 时间状语，相当于时间状语从句，一般放在句首Hearing the news, we all sang and danced with joy. =
