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1、小学基础英语知识汇总01基础知识1.字母:26个字母的大小写ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz2.语音:元音的发音五个元音字母:AEIOU12个单元音: 前元音:i: /e/ 中元音:: 后元音:: : u : 双元音(8个)合口双元音(5个)ai ei au u i集中双元音(3个) iu 3.词汇:词汇量,近反义词4.句子:大小写,标点符号02语法知识一.名词:名词单复数,名词的格(一)名词单复数一般情况,直接加-s,如:book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds;以s. x. sh
2、. ch结尾,加-es,如:bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches;以“辅音字母+y”结尾,变y为i, 再加-es,如:family-families, strawberry-strawberries;以“f或fe”结尾,变f或fe为v, 再加-es,如:knife-knives;不规则名词复数:man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, policewoman-policewomen, mouse-micechild-children, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, fi
3、sh-fish, people-people, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese;不可数名词的复数就是原型:paper, juice, water, milk, rice, tea;(二)名词的格有生命的东西的名词所有格:a) 单数后加 s 如: Lucys ruler my fathers shirt;b) 以s 结尾的复数名词后加 如: his friends bags;c) 不以s 结尾的复数后加 s childrens shoes;并列名词中,如果把 s加在最后一个名词后,表示共有, 如:Tom and Mikes car 汤姆和迈克共有的小汽车;要
4、表示所有物不是共有的,应分别在并列名词后加s:Toms and Mikes cars 汤姆和麦克各自的小汽车;(2)表示无生命东西的名词通常用“ of +名词”来表示所有关系:如:a picture of the classroom a map of China;二.冠词:不定冠词,定冠词种类:(1)不定冠词:a / an a unit / an uncle元音开头的可数名词前用an :an egg / an apple / an orange / an eraser / an answer / an ID card / an alarm clock / an actor / an actre
5、ss / an e-mail / an address / an event / an example / an opera / an houran old man / an interesting book / an exciting sport / an action movie / an art lesson ;(2)定冠词:the the egg the plane;2. 用法:定冠词的用法:特指某(些)人或某(些)物:The ruler is on the desk;复述上文提到的人或物:He has a sweater. The sweater is new;谈话双方都知道的人或物
6、:The boys arent at school;在序数词前:Johns birthday is February the second;用于固定词组中:in the morning / afternoon / evening;不用冠词的情况:专有名词前:China is a big country;名词前有定语:this , that , my , your , some, any , no 等:This is my baseball;复数名词表示一类人和事:Monkeys cant swim. They are teachers;在节日,日期,月份,季节前:Today is Christ
7、mas Day. Its Sunday;一日三餐前:We have breakfast at 6:30;球类 棋类运动前:They often play football after class. He plays chess at home;* 但乐器前要用定冠词:I play the guitar very well;学科名称前:My favorite subject is music;在称呼或头衔的名词前:This is Mr Li;固定词组中:at noon at night by bus;三、代词、形容词、副词代词:人称代词,物主代词人称代词物主代词主格宾格第一人称单数I(我)me、
8、my(我的)复数we(我们)us、our(我们的);第二人称单数you(你)you、your(你的)复数you(你们)you、your(你们的);第三人称单数he(他)him、his(他的)she(她)he、rher(她的)it(它)it、its(它的)复数they(他们/她们/它们)them、their(他们的/她们的/它们的);形容词,副词:比较级,最高级(一)、形容词的比较级1、形容词比较级在句子中的运用:两个事物或人的比较用比较级,比较级后面一般带有单词than。比较级前面可以用more, a little来修饰表示程度。than后的人称代词用主格(口语中可用宾格);2.形容词加er的
9、规则:一般在词尾加er ;以字母e 结尾,加r ;以一个元音字母和一个辅音字母结尾,应双写末尾的辅音字母,再加er ;以“辅音字母+y”结尾,先把y变i,再加er ;3.不规则形容词比较级:good-better, beautiful-more beautiful;(二)副词的比较级1.形容词与副词的区别(有be用形,有形用be;有动用副,有副用动)在句子中形容词一般处于名词之前或be动词之后副词在句子中最常见的是处于实义动词之后;2.副词比较级的变化规则基本与形容词比较级相同(不规则变化:well-better, far-farther)四、数词:基数词、序数词(1)1-20one,two,
10、three,four,five,six,seven,eight,nine,ten,eleven,twelve,thirteen,fourteen,fifteen, sixteen,seventeen,eighteen,nineteen,twenty;(2)21-99 先说“几十”,再说“几”,中间加连字符。23twenty-three,34thirty-four,45fortyfive,56fifty-six,67sixty-seven,78seventy-eight,89eighty-nine,91ninety-one;(3)101999先说“几百”,再加and,再加末两位数或末位数;586
11、five hundred and eighty-six,803eight hundred and three;(4)l,000以上,先从右往左数,每三位数加一个“,”,第一个“,”前为thousand.第二个“,”前为million,第三个“,”前为billion;1,001one thousand and one;18,423eighteen thousand,four hundred and twenty-three;6,260,309six million two hundred and sixty thousand three hundred ;and nine;750,000,000
12、,000seven hundred and fifty billion;序数词(1)一般在基数词后加theg.fourfourth,thirteenthirteenth;(2)不规则变化onefirst,twosecond,threethird,fivefifth,eighteighth,nineninth,twelvetwelfth;(3)以y结尾的十位整数,变y为ie再加thtwentytwentieth, fortyfortieth, ninetyninetieth;(4)从二十一后的“几十几”直至“几百几十几”或“几千几百几十几”只将个位的基数词变为序数词。twenty-first,t
13、wo hundred and forty-fifth;基数词转为序数词的口诀:基变序,有规律,词尾加上-th.一,二,三,特殊记,词尾字母t,d,d.八去t,九去e, ve要用f替。ty将y变成i,th前面有个e.若是碰到几十几,前用基来后用序。五、介词:常用介词:in, on, at, behind等1.at表示时间概念的某一个点。(在某时刻、时间、阶段等)。at 1:00(dawn,midnight,noon)在一点钟(黎明、午夜、中午);2.on1)表示具体日期。注:(1)关于在周末的几种表示法:at(on)the weekend在周末-特指at(on)weekends在周末-泛指ove
14、r the weekend在整个周末during the weekend在周末期间;(2)在圣诞节,应说at Christmas,而不说on Christmas;3.in表示时段、时期,在多数情况下可以和during互换,前者强调对比,后者强调持续。in(during)1988(December,the 20th century)在一九八八年(十二月、二十世纪);六、动词:动词的四种时态:(1)一般现在时:一般现在时的构成1. be动词:主语+be(am, is, are)+其它。如:I am a boy. 我是一个男孩。2. 行为动词:主语+行为动词(+其它)。如:We study English. 我们学习英语。当主语为第三人称单数(he, she, it)时,要在动词后加-s或-es。如:Mary likes Chinese.玛丽喜欢汉语。动词+s的变化规则1.一般情况下,直接加-s,如:cook-cooks, milk-milks;2.以s. x. sh. ch. o结尾,加-es,如:guess-guesses, wash-washes, watch-watches, go-goes;3.以“辅音字母+y”结尾,变y为i, 再加-es,如:study-studies;(2)一般过