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1、,Language points,1. What it was to become was uncertain until between 4.5 and 3.8 billion years ago when the dust settled into a solid globe. What is even more important is that as the earth cooled down, water began to appear on its surface. 考点 what引导的主语从句，第一句what 在从句中作become 的宾语，第二句what在从句中作主语。,考例1
2、 _ was most important to her, she told me, was her family.（山东 2008） A. ItB. ThisC. WhatD. As 点拨选B。what引导主语从句，并在 从句中作主语。若选it则应去掉第二个 is；as引导定语从句，若选as则应去掉is that。,考例2 _ is known to us all is that the 2008 Olympic Games will take place in Beijing.（福建 2008） A. It B. What C. As D. Which 点拨 what引导主语从句并且在从句
3、中作say and do的宾语。,2. The earth became so violent that it was not clear whether the shape would last or not. 1) violent 猛烈的，激烈的 2) whether可以引导主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句;而if只能引导宾语从句。,引导宾语从句既可以用whether, 也可以用if,两者常可以互换。 He asked me whether / if I could lend him my bike. Could you tell us whether / if it snows
4、in winter in Australia?,值得注意的是： whether 和if都可以和or not连用,但是whether之后可以直接跟or not,而if则不能,如： I dont care whether or not your car breaks down.,I dont know whether or not hes coming. 但是不可以说： I dont care if or not your car breaks down., whether引导的从句一般不可以为否定结构(选择问句的后一部分除外);而if则可以跟否定结构,如: I dont care if she
5、doesnt come. I dont care if it doesnt rain.,但是,在某些动词或形容词之后,则可以用whether引导一个否定结构的句子,这种结构往往表示肯定的含义,如： I wonder whether he doesnt think too much of himself. 其意思相当于:I think he does think too much of himself.,在个别动词之后, 如discuss 等, 只跟用whether引导的宾语从句, 如: They discussed whether they should close the shop. We
6、discussed whether Mary could join us.,whether 可以引导从句作介词的宾语,而if则不能,如： Im not interested in whether theyll go or not.,whether可以直接跟动词不定式连用,而if则不能, 如: I didnt know whether to laugh or to cry. She hasnt decided whether to go or not.,引导主语从句 (包括从句在句首的位置) 应当用whether, 不用if, 如： Whether it is true remains a pr
7、oblem. Whether he will come, I am not sure.,引导表语从句用whether,不用if, 如: The question is whether you should accept it. The question is whether he will speak at the meeting.,引导同位语从句用whether,不用if,如: The question whether hell attend the meeting is essential. I am in doubt whether I should agree to the plan.
8、,(NMET1996) 1._wellgocamping tomorrowdependsontheweather. 2. I have just discuss _ we should give him enough help. 3. They had no idea _ or notthey could achieve their goals.,Whether,whether,whether,3. They were in time to produce the water. in time: sooner or later; eventually; Ill see him in time.
9、 in time (for sth. /to do sth.): not late She will be back in time to prepare dinner.,与time相关的短语: in no time 立刻,马上 at times 有时 at a time 每次;依次 once upon a time 从前 on time 按时;准时 at one time 从前 for the time being 暂时 from time to time 不时地,4. as the earth cooled down, water began to appear on its surfac
10、e. 随着地球的冷却, 地球的表面就开始出现了水。 1) cool down 变凉, 冷却,2) appear “出现,似乎”是不及物动词当表示 “似乎,好像”时是系动词,该词无被动语态。 Our teacher appeared on TV this morning.,I. 含义上的差异 appear 是指根据事物的外表表象做出判断的, 但实质上并不一定如此; seem是表示说话人主观上的判断, 暗含有一定的根据, 往往接近事实的判断; look是根据视觉印象而得出的判断, 实质上也可能如此。,She is fifty but she appears young. 她五十岁了,但看起来很年轻
11、。(其实并非如此) Se seems young. (I think he is rich.) 她看起来很年轻。(根据个人的主观判断而推断出) She looks young. 她很年轻。(从他外表可出感觉出),II. 用法上的差异 appear, look, seem 后均可带名词、形容语、to be 结构。 The man who came yesterday appeared / seemed / looked an honest man . 昨天来的那个人看来是一个诚实的人。,b. look 可用于进行时,而 seem, appear 一般不能。 He is looking very
12、happy. 他现在看起来很高兴。,Remember !,c. appear 和 seem 之后可接动词不定式的一般式、完成式以及其他形式,而 look 之后除了能接to be 结构外,不接其它动词不定式形式。 She appeared to agree with you. 他好像同意你的意见。 They dont seem to have read this novel. 他们好像没有读过这本小说。,d. look, seem 能与介词 like 构成习语，意思是“看上去象”, 而 appear 却不能。例如: It seems like years since I last saw you
13、 . 自从上次见到你后,好像很久没有见到你了。 He looks like a student. 他看起来象个学生。,e. seem, look 后均可接 as if , as though 引导的表语从句,从句中既可用陈述语气也可用虚拟语气,而 appear 则不能。 It seemed / looked as if he had been to Beijing. 看起来他去过北京。,f. appear 和seem 均可接 that 引导的从句,而 look 不能。 It seems / appears that we wont finish this work today. 我们好像今天完
14、不成这项工作。,g. appear 和 seem 可用于there be 结构中,而 look 不能。如: There appears to have been an accident . 好像出了一次事故。,5. by laying eggs. lay-laid-laid-laying 放, 把. 放在.; 产卵 He laid his books on the desk. 注意: lay (laid; laid; laying) 放置;产卵 lie (lay; lain; lying) 躺;位于 lie (lied; lied; lying) 说谎,The naughty boy _ to
15、 me that the hen that _ there just now had_ two eggs the day before. A. laid; laid; laid B. laid; lay; lain C. lied; laid; lain D. lied; lay; laid,D,6. give birth to 1) 生（孩子） Shes just given birth to a healthy baby girl. 她刚刚生了个健康的女婴。 2) 产生 The extraordinary experience gave birth to his latest novel.
16、 这段奇特的经历促成了他的最新的一部小说的诞生。,7. They are putting too much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which prevents heat from escaping from the earth into space. 他们把太多的二氧化碳释放到大气层中,这就是使得热量不能从地球上散发到太空中去。,阅读下列句子, 注意prevent . from的意思和用法。 1. There was nothing to prevent her from doing so. 2. We must prevent the water from being pollu
