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1、英语国家概况复习笔记英语国家概况复习笔记 Chapter 1 Land and People 英国的国土与人民英国的国土与人民 Different Names for Britain and its Parts 英国的不同名称及其各组成部分 1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England. 地理名称:不列颠群岛,大不列颠和英格兰. 2.Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 官方正式名称:大不列颠及北爱尔
2、兰联合王国. 3.The British Isles are made up of two large islandsGreat Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones. 不列颠群岛由两个大岛大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛及成千上万个小岛组成. 4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.大不列颠岛上有三个政区:英格兰,苏格兰和威尔士. England is in the
3、 southern part of Great Britain.It is the largest, most populous section. 位于大不列颠岛南部,是最大,人口最稠密的地区. Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh. 苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部.它有三大自然区：北部高地,中部低地及南部山陵.首府：爱丁堡
4、. Wales is in the west of Great Britain. Capital: Cardiff 威尔士位于大不列颠的西部.首府：加的夫 Northern Ireland is the fourth region of the UK. Capital: Belfast. 北爱尔兰是英国第四个区域.首府：贝尔法斯特 5.The Commonwealth (of nations) is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain.Member nations are
5、joined together economically and have certain trading agreements.The Commonwealth has no special powers.The decision to become a member of the Commonwealth is left to each nation. It was founded in 1931, and has 50 member countries until 1991.英联邦是一个自由联合体,由曾是英国殖民地而现在已经独立的 国家构成.成员国之间实行经济合作,有一定的贸易协议.英联
6、邦没有特别的权利,是否参加英联邦由各成员国自己决定.它成立于 1931 年,到 1991 年止已有 50 个成员国. Chapter 2 The Origins of a Nation (5000BC-1066) 英国的起源英国的起源 1.Arrival and settlement of the Celts At about 700 BC the Celts began to arrive in Britain and kept coming until the arrival of the Romans.They may come originally from eastern and c
7、entral Europe,now France,Belgium and southern Germany.约公元前 700 年,凯尔特人来到不列颠 岛并一直陆续到来直到罗马人的入侵.他们可能源自东欧和中欧,即现在的法国,比利时和德国南部. They came in three main waves:the Gaelsabout 600 BC;the Brythonsabout 400 BC;the Belgaeabout 150 BC.凯尔特人来到不列颠有三次高潮:第一次是约公元前 600 年的盖尔人;第 二次是约公元前 400 年的布立吞人;第三次是约公元前 150 年的贝尔盖人. The
8、 Celtic tribes are the ancestors of the Highland Scots,the Irish and the Welsh,and their languages are the basis of both Welsh and Gaelic.凯尔特人是山地苏格兰人,爱尔兰人和威尔士人的祖先,他们的语言是威尔 士语和盖尔语的基础. The Celts religion was Druidism. 凯尔特人的宗教为德鲁伊德教. The Belgae were the most industrious and vigorous of the Celtic tribe
9、s.贝尔盖人是最勤奋,最精力充沛的. The Celts were practised farmers. 凯尔特人是有经验的农民. 2.Basis of modern English race: the Anglo-Saxons现代英国人的基础:盎格鲁萨克逊 (446-871) In the mid-5th century Jutes,Saxons, and Angles came to Britain.They were three Teutonic tribes.The Jutes,who fished and farmed in Jutland(now southern Denmark)
10、,came to Britain first.Then the Saxons came.They came from northern Germany,established their kingdoms in Essex, Sussex and Wessex. In the second half of the 6th century,the Angles who also came from northern Germany and were to give their name to the English people, settled in East Anglia, Mercia a
11、nd Northumbria. 五世纪中叶,朱特人,撒克逊人和盎格鲁人来到不列颠岛.这是三支日耳曼部落.居住在朱特兰岛(现丹麦南部)从事打渔农耕的朱特人 先到达不列颠;接着是撒克逊人,他们来自德国北部,在埃塞克斯,苏塞克斯和威塞克斯建立了王国;六世纪后半叶,同样来自德国北部把自己名字给 了英国人的盎格鲁人,在东盎格利亚,麦西亚以及诺森伯利来定居. Heptarchy:During the Anglo-Saxons time,Britain was divided into many kingdoms,among which there were seven principal kingdoms
12、 of Kent,Essex,Sussex,Wessex,East Anglia,Mercia and Northumbria.They were given the name for Heptarchy. 在盎格鲁-撒克逊时期,英国被划分为许多 王国,其中有七个主要王国:肯特,埃塞克斯,苏塞克斯,威塞克斯,东盎格利亚,麦西亚和诺森伯利来.他们被合称为七王国. The Anglo-Saxon tribes were constantly at war with one another,each trying to get the upper hand,so that the kingdoms
13、were often broken up and often pieced together again. 盎格鲁-撒克逊部落之间不断交战,彼此都想占上风,因此王国总是分了合,合了又分 The Anglo-Saxons brought their own Teutonic religion to Britain. 盎格鲁撒克逊人把日耳曼宗教带到了英国. Although the Anglo-Saxons were ferocious people,they laid the foundations of the English state.Firstly,they divided the co
14、untry into shires;Secondly,they devised the narrow-strip,three-field farming system which continued to the 18th century;Thirdly,they also established the manorial system.Finally,they created the Witan(council/meeting of wisemen)to advise the king,the basis of the Privy Council which still exists tod
15、ay. 虽然盎格鲁- 撒克逊人是凶猛的民族,但他们为英国国家的形成打下了基础.首先他们把国家划分为郡;其次他们设计的窄条三圃田农耕制延用至 18 世纪;他们 还建立了采邑制;最后他们还创立了议会(贤人会议),向国王提供建议,这是现存的枢密院的基础. 3.The Viking and Danish invasions The Norwegian Vikings and the Danes attacked various parts of England from the end of the 8th century.The Danes gained control of the north a
16、nd east of Englandthe Danelaw.从 8 世纪末起,挪威海盗和丹麦人就不断袭击英格兰各地方.丹麦人 控制英格兰北部和东部丹麦法区. After Alfreds death,his successors reconquered the Danelaw.King Ethelred the Unready tried paying the invaders to stay away.But the Danes didnt go away but invade again. 亚尔弗雷德死后,他的继任者们重新征服了丹麦地区.未准备好者埃塞尔雷德国王进 贡给丹麦人以免被侵略,但丹麦人又再度进犯. After Ethelreds death,Canute,the Danish leader was made English king in 1016.He proved to be a wise ruler.After his death in 1035,his sons Harold and Hardicanute reigned succ
