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1、,This lecture is based on an article of mine Lines and Circles, West and East published successively in English Today (Cambridge University Press), Asian Studies (Oxford University Press), The Quest (An American philosophical journal) and Social Sciences (A Chinese journal).,Lines and Circles: A Con
2、trastive Study of Western and Chinese Cultures,环性与线性 中西文化比较,Lines and Circles:A Contrastive Study of Western and Chinese Cultures环性与线性 中西文化比较,Zuo Biao,What is culture?,Culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acqu
3、ired by man as a member of society. Edward Tylor (1871) (a British anthropologist),文化的定义,文化是一个错综复杂的整体，它包括知识、信仰、艺术、法律、道德、习俗以及作为社会成员的人所获得的其他一切能力和习惯。 爱德华泰勒 (1871)英国人类学家,Culture consists of patterns, explicit and implicit of and for behavior acquired and transmitted by symbols, constituting the distinct
4、ive achievement of human groups, including their embodiment in artifacts; the essential core of culture consists of traditional (historically derived and selected) ideas and especially their attached values. Culture systems may, on the one hand, be considered as products of action, on the other hand
5、, as conditioning elements of future action. Alfred Kroeber and Clyde Kluckhohn (two American anthropologists, 1961）,What is culture?,文化是由通过符号所获得并传播的显性及隐性行为模式所构成，这种行为模式形成人类群体的特征，包括它们在人工制品中的体现；文化的核心部分是传统的（源于历史并经历史选择的）观念，尤其是价值观。文化系统，一方面可被视为人们行为的产品，另一方面又可被看作是规约未来行为的条件。 克洛依伯、克勒克荷恩美国人类学家,文化的定义,What is cu
6、lture?,Culture is the total range of activities and ideas of a group of people with shared traditions which are transmitted and reinforced by members of the group. CED,文化是具有共同传统的群体的活动和观念的总和，这些传统为这一群体的成员加以传播并加强。 剑桥英语词典,文化的定义,What is Culture?,Culture is the total pattern of human behavior and its prod
7、ucts embodied in thought, speech, action and artifacts. Culture is a complex of typical behavior or standardized social characteristics peculiar to a specific group. WNID,文化是人类行为及其产品的总和，表现为思想、言论、行动及制成物品。 文化是某一群体所特有的典型行为或规范化的社会特征的综合。韦氏新国际词典,文化的定义,Essentials of Culture,External （外在文化 / 有形文化） *behavior
8、 language, gestures, customs行为 语言、手势、习俗等 *products literature, art, music, artifacts产品 文学、艺术、音乐、人工制品、建筑等 Internal （内核文化 / 无形文化） *ideas beliefs, values, morals观念 信仰、价值观、道德观等,Essentials of Culture,Dead （死文化 ） *products (achievements) literature, art, music, artifacts, architecture 产品 文学、艺术、音乐、人工制品、建筑等
9、 Living （活文化 ） *ideas beliefs, values, morals观念 信仰、价值观、道德观等 *behavior language, gestures, customs行为 语言、手势、习俗等,Cultures: Universality and Individuality文化的共性与个性,Commonality of human nature 人性趋同,Penetrativeness and fusibility 渗透性及可融性,Accumulation and tradition 积淀与传统,Linearity and Circularity 线性与环性,Cont
10、rast in respect of :,1.Worldview （宇宙观） 2.Core values （核心价值观） 3.Outlook on Arts (艺术观) 4.Outlook on time （时间观） 5.Modes of thinking （思维模式） 6.Linguistic expression （语言表达）,How is the world observed and viewed in both cultures? 在中西两种文化中 人们是怎样看待世界的？,Man and Nature,人 与 自 然,1. Worldview 宇宙观,Linear division a
11、nd circular enclosure （线分环合）,Western: one dividing into two (一分为二) Chinese: two combining into one (合二为一),Opposites: Western: independence and opposition Chinese: interdependence and integration,西方文化呈线性，人与自然、凡与神均一分为二，界线分明，强调二元的并存与对立； 中国文化呈环性，人与自然、凡与神均合而为一，环抱涵容，注重二元的依存和统一。,Ancient Greek Philosophers
12、古希腊哲学家,Thales泰勒斯 （624 547 BC）,Heracleitus赫拉克利特 （540 480 BC）,Plato柏拉图 （427 347 BC）,Plato柏拉图,The development of western philosophy is a series of footnotes to Plato. - Whitehead 西方哲学的发展是对柏拉图的一系列脚注。 怀海德,Plato柏拉图,Platos distinction between the sensible world and the ideal world 柏拉图关于感觉世界与理念世界的区分 Platos
13、Theory of Forms contrasts reality with phenomena; soul with body; knowledge with opinion; reason with sensation; and rationality with emotion. 柏拉图的理念论把实在和现象、灵魂和肉体、知识和意见、理性和感觉、理智和激情相对应。,Modern Philosophers 西方近现代哲学家,Descartes笛卡尔 (1596 1650),Kant康德 (1724 1804),Russell罗素 (1872 1970),Philosopher: Descart
14、es （French),Substance dualism （实体二元论）: matter vs vs. mind （物质与心灵） Descartes divided the world into extended substance (matter) and thinking substance (mind), and these two have mutually incompatible properties. Accordingly the soul is entirely distinct from the body. 笛卡尔把世界划分为广延的实体(物质)和能思维的实体(心灵)，这两
15、种实体的性质是不相容的。因此，灵魂与身体是截然区分的。,Christianity and Bible Christianity: God and Man God creates Man and Man sins against God. 基督教：上帝创造人，人违抗上帝而犯罪。,God occupies a dominant position.,Theme of Bible: Human redemption 圣经主题：人的灵魂拯救,ridempn,West: linear division,Scientist: Archemedes （阿基米德, 287212 BC ）,Give me but
16、 one firm spot on which to stand, and I will move the earth. 只要给我一个稳固的立足点，我就能移动地球。,Tao consists in Yin and Yang. The Book of Changes (600 BC),易经：一阴一阳之谓道。,Chinese: circular enclosure,Philosophical Concept: Tao （道）,Tao gave birth to the One; the One gave birth successively to two things, three things, up to ten thousand. These ten thousand creatures cannot turn their backs to the shade (Yin) without having the sun (Ya
