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1、Renaissance 文艺复兴Literature,What is renaissance?,It is a series of literary 文艺作品and cultural movements that spanned持续 roughly the 14th to the mid-17th century The changes of the Renaissance were not uniform 一致的 across Europe, so this is a general use of the term.,发源地和影响,Began in Florence, Italy in th
2、e 14th Century and later spread to the rest of Europe. Its influence affected literature, philosophy哲学, art, politics, science, religion, and other aspects of intellectual理智的 inquiry.,It is a period in which the European humanists 人文主义者 made attempts to get rid of conservatism 保守主义 in the Middle Age
3、s and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests利益 of the rising bourgeoisie资产阶级, to lift the restrictions 限制 in all areas placed by the Roman church authorities. p129,The meaning of renaissance,“rebirth” or “revival”- the revival复兴复苏 of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture.,The idea of
4、 rebirth came from the Europeans belief that they had rediscovered the superiority优越性优势 of Greek and Roman culture after many centuries of what they considered intellectual and cultural decline in the Middle Ages. They studied the great civilizations of ancient Greece and Rome, typically written in
5、Latin or ancient Greek, and believed that their own cultural achievements rivaled 可媲美 the ancient Greek and Roman culture.,What happened?,Old sciences revived and new sciences emerged浮现露出: Geographical discoveries: Columbus, da Gama p180 Astronomy: Copernicus p181天文学家 Anatomy解剖学: da Vinci p181 Print
6、ing: Aldus Manutius p181 Political science and historiography编史: Dante p182 National languages and national cultures were free from the absolute control of the church. Art and literature florished兴盛. The absolute全部的 authority of the Roman Catholic天主教 Church was shaken. People began to realize their
7、worth as a human being.,By Leonardo da Influenced by the ancient culture, he tried to draw the perfectly proportioned成比例的 man.,Significance,During the Renaissance, Europeans became increasingly confident自信的 that they were creating a whole new culture. The Renaissance idea such as humankind rules征服na
8、ture contributed to the development of modern science and technology.,政治影响,Renaissance thinkers used classical precedents 先例 to preserve保护 and defend防御 the concepts概念 of republicanism 共和主义 and human freedom. These ideas had a permanent 永久的 impact on the English constitutional 立宪的 theory. They may al
9、so have inflenced the form of government adopted in the United States. Above all, the Renaissance left to the world monuments里程碑 of artistic beauty that define明确画出。外形 Western culture.,Humanism：,Humanism is the core 核心of the Renaissance spirit. At the heart of the Renaissance philosophy was the asser
10、tion 主张 of the greatness of man. 人的伟大,Humanism: a shift of vision视角,They emphasized the promotion of wealth, pleasure and admiration for the beauty of human body. This ran counter相反反对对立 to the medieval ascetical 苦行的 ideal of poverty and stoicism 禁欲主义. It shifted mans interest from Christianity基督教 to
11、 humanity, from religion to philosophy, from heaven to earth from beatuty of God and the house of God to the beauty of the human body, senses and feelings.,What a piece of work is man; how noble in reason; how infinite in faculty, in form and moving how express and admirable; in action how like an a
12、ngel; in apprehension how like a god! the beauty of the world, the paragon of animals! -p131 Hamlet, II, ii.,人类是一件多么了不起的杰作！ 多么高贵的理性！ 多么伟大的力量！ 多么优美的仪表！ 多么文雅的举动！ 在行为上多么像一个天使！ 在智慧上多么像一个天神！ 宇宙的精华！ 万物的灵长！,Humanism: major concepts 概念,It is the dominant主要的首要的 intellectual movement of the Renaissance It is
13、a philosophy based on the idea that people are rational 理性的 beings. It emphasized the dignity尊严 and worth of the individual. 个人的,It began with the study of classical culture, and its name came from one of the eras时代 earliest concerns: the promotion of a new educational curriculum 课程 that emphasized
14、a group of subjects 科目known as the humanities人文学科.,Renaissance humanists believed human society can be improved through classical education. This education relied on teachings from ancient texts and emphasized a range of disciplines学科, including grammar, ethics伦理学, poetry, history, rhetoric 修辞学, and
15、 moral philosophy. The traditional education based on scholasticism 经院哲学 concentrated on the study of logic逻辑学, natural philosophy (science), and metaphysics形而上学，玄学. ,Humanists emphasized the obligation义务 to participate in参加 the political life.,Raphaels School of Athens (1510-1511),one of several fr
16、escoes 壁画 by the Italian Renaissance artist Raphael 拉斐尔 a masterpiece代表作 in the portrayal描绘 of the artistic ideals of the Renaissance. It also illustrates用示例说明 the importance of classical studies to literary and cultural achievements of the era.,The artist depicts 描绘several philosophers of classical antiquity. 古迹古人们 In the center stand Plato and Aristotle柏拉图和亚里士多德. Plato points upward向上的 to the world of ideas, where he believes knowledge lies, whi
