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1、1. Nelson Mandela Nelson Mandela was born in Transkei, South Africa on July 18, 1918. His father was Chief Henry Mandela of the Tembu Tribe(部落). Mandela himself was educated at University College of Fort Hare and the,University of Witwatersrand and qualified in law in 1942. He joined the African Nat
2、ional Congress(非洲人民大会党) in 1944 and was engaged in resistance against the ruling National Partys apartheid policies(种族隔离政策) after 1948. He went on trial for treason in 1956-1961 and was acquitted(宣判无罪) in 1961.,After the banning of the ANC in 1960, Nelson Mandela argued for the setting up of a milit
3、ary(军事的) wing within the ANC. In June 1961, the ANC executive(执行者) considered his proposal on the use of violent tactics(暴力策略) and agreed that those members who wished to involve themselves in Mandelas campaign would not be stopped from doing so by the ANC. This led to the formation of,Umkhonto we S
4、izwe(民族之矛). Mandela was arrested in 1962 and sentenced to five years imprisonment with hard labor. In 1963, when many fellow leaders of the ANC and the Umkhonto we Sizwe were arrested, Mandela was brought to stand trial with them for plotting to (秘密计划)overthrow the government by violence. His statem
5、ent from the dock received considerable international publicity.,On June 12, 1964, eight of the accused, including Mandela, were sentenced to life imprisonment. From 1964 to 1982, he was in prison at Robben Island Prison, off Cape Town; thereafter, he was at Pollsmoor Prison, nearby on the mainland.
6、,During his years in prison, Nelson Mandelas reputation grew steadily. He was widely accepted as the most significant black leader in South Africa and became a potent symbol of resistance as the anti-apartheid movement (反对种族隔离运动) gathered strength. He refused to compromise(妥协) his political position
7、 to obtain his freedom.,Nelson Mandela was released on February 11, 1990. After his release, he plunged(投入) himself whole-heartedly into his lifes work, striving to attain the goals he and others had set out almost four decades earlier. In 1991, at the first national conference of the ANC held insid
8、e South Africa after the organization had been banned in 1960, Mandela was elected President of the ANC while his lifelong friend and colleague, Oliver Tambo, became the organizations National Chairperson.,Nelson Mandela accepted the 1993 Nobel Peace Prize on behalf of all South Africans who had suf
9、fered and sacrificed so much to bring peace to our land. Long Walk to Freedom is his moving and popular autobiography(自传).,2. The ANC and the ANC Youth League The ANC is a national liberation movement. It was formed in 1912 to unite the African people and spearhead the struggle for fundamental polit
10、ical, social and economic change. For nine decades the ANC has led the struggle against racism and oppression, organizing mass students,resistance, mobilizing the international community and taking up the armed struggle against apartheid. Membership of the ANC is open to all South Africans above the
11、 age of 18 years, irrespective of race, color and creed, who accept its principles, policies and programmes.,The ANC Youth League was founded in 1944. The league propagated(传播) “Africanism” and its motto was “Africas cause must Triumph”. It was radical and militant. The members of it rejected the idea of“ foreign”leadership and argued that black Africans must provide their own leadership and rely upon themselves.,Thank you!,
