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1、Chapter3 Lexicon1、 Three senses of word(1) A physically definable unit. Words may be seen as a set of sounds segments or writing letters between two pauses or blanks.(2) Words both as a general term and as a specific term. (3) A grammatical unit.Ranks：clause complexclausephrase/word groupwordmorphem
2、e2、 Identification of words(1) Stability. Words are the most stable of all linguistic units, in respect of their internal structure.(2) Relative unterruptibility. New elements should not be inserted into a word.(3) A minimal free form. (Leonard Bloomfield 1933) Word is the smallest unit that can be
3、used, by itself, as a complete utterance. (sentence-the maximum free form)3、 Classification of words(1) Variable & invariable wordsVariable words have inflectional changes; they are mainly nouns, verbs and pronouns, e.g. follow-follows-followed-followingInvariable words do not have inflectional endi
4、ngs, e.g. since, happy, to, etc.(2) Grammatical & lexical wordsGrammatical words (function word) are used mainly for constructing group, phrase, clause, clause complex, or even text. They serve to link together different content parts, such as, conjunctions, prepositions, articles, pronouns. Lexical
5、 words (content word) are used for referring to substance, action, and quality. They carry the main content of a language, such as, nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs.(3) Closed-class & open-classed wordsClosed-class: its membership fixed or limited, one cannot easily add or deduce a new member,
6、.such as pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles, and others. Open-class: Its membership is in principle infinite or unlimited. When new ideas, inventions, or discoveries emerge, new members are being added to the lexicon, such as, nouns, verbs, adjectives and many adverbs.Note: Preposition i
7、s relative open because regarding, in spite of, according to, and ,many others are now regarded as prepositions and complex prepositions. Auxiliary verbs are relatively closed in number.(4) Word class9 word classed: noun, verb, adjective, adverb, pronoun, preposition, conjunction, article, interject
8、ionParticles: Infinitive marker “to” Negative marker “not” Subordinate units in phrasal verbs, e.g., watch out, break downAuxiliaries Traditional auxiliaries & modal verbs Pro-form Pro-adjective/ pro-verb/ pro-adverb/ pro-locative Determiners: words used before noun acting as head of a nominal group
9、, and determine the kind of the reference the nominal group has. definite the indefinite a/an partitive some universal all Pre-determiner: all, half, double, twice, one-third, etc. Central-determiner: articles, demonstrative pronouns, indefinite pronouns, possessive pronouns. Post-determiner: cardin
10、al numerals, ordinal numerals, general ordinals, quatifiers. Morpheme: the smallest unit of language in terms of the relationship between expression and content, a unit that cannot be further divided into smaller units without destroying or altering the meaning. Free morpheme: morpheme that can make
11、 up words by itself.Bound morpheme: morpheme that must appear with at least another morpheme.Root: the base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without destroying its meaning.（The part of the word that is left when all the affixed are removed.）Free root: roots that can stand be themselves
12、 and are the base forms of words.Bound root: roots can be used only when added to another morpheme. e.g. ceive,-cur.Some roots have both free and bound variants. Sleep-slept, child-childrenAffix: the type of morpheme that can be used only when added to another morpheme.Prefix: para-, un-Suffix: -tio
13、n, -alInfix: abso-bloomingly-lutelyStem: any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added. （Stem may be the same as a root, may contain a root and one or more then one derivational affixes.）Inflectional vs. derivationalInflectional affixes: 1. productive across an
14、 entire category.2. only add a grammatical meaning to the stem.3. do not change the word class of the stem.4. often conditioned by non-semantic linguistic factors, e.g. the present tense third person singular marker.5. normally suffixes in English.6. small in number in English.Derivational affixes:1
15、. not productive across an entire category, e.g. not all verbs can be changed into noun by attaching tion, only some verbs can be changed in this way.2. often change the lexical content.3. may or may not change the word class of the stem.4. more often based on simply meaning distinctions.5. can be both prefixes and suffixes.6. much larger in number.Inflectional Morphology: the study of in flections.Derivational/Lexical Morphology: the study of word formation. Inflection indicates grammatic
