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1、RESEARCH LETTERS studies of transmission and efficiency in the conduct of prevention trials. Contributors M T Dorak participated in data analysis, interpretation of results, and preparation of the manuscript. J Tang and E S Lobashevsky were responsible for HLA typing, laboratory data acquisition and
2、 management, and contributed to analysis and preparation of the manuscript. A Penman- Aguilar, A O Westfall, and M M Schaen were responsible for statistical analysis and management of the full dataset and reviewing of the final version of the manuscript. I Zulu and N G Kancheya assisted with protoco
3、l development and assembling of the participants, supervised onsite collection of epidemiological data and biological specimens, and reviewed the latest version of the manuscript. S A Allen and R A Kaslow designed the original study and framework for immunogenetics analyses, supervised collection of
4、 relevant clinical and epidemiological data and biological specimens, data analysis and interpretation, and reviewed successive drafts of the manuscript. Conflict of interest statement None declared. Acknowledgments We thank the study participants, staff, interns, and project management group member
5、s of the Zambia UAB HIV Research Project in Lusaka, Zambia, and staff and students in the virology laboratory at the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia; the University of Alabama at Birmingham programme in Epidemiology of Infection and Immunity; and the Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Uni
6、t, Comprehensive Cancer Center at UAB, Birmingham, AL, USA. This work was funded in part by NIAID R01-AI41951, R01-AI40951, P30-AI27767, and U01-AI41530. The sponsor had no role in study design; in collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; in manuscript preparation; or in the decision to sub
7、mit the manuscript for publication. 1Fideli US, Allen SA, Musonda R, et al. Virologic and immunologic determinants of heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in Africa. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2001; 17: 90110. 2Trask SA, Derdeyn CA, Fideli U, et al. Molecular epidemiology
8、of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmission in a heterosexual cohort of discordant couples in Zambia. J Virol 2002; 76: 397405. 3Royce RA, Sena A, Cates W Jr, Cohen MS. Sexual transmission of HIV. N Engl J Med 1997; 336: 107278. 4MacDonald KS, Embree J, Njenga S, et al. Mother-child class I
9、HLA sharing increases perinatal human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. J Infect Dis 1998; 177: 55156. 5MacDonald KS, Fowke KR, Kimani J, et al. Influence of HLA supertypes on susceptibility and resistance to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. J Infect Dis 2000; 181: 158189. 6Lock
10、ett SF, Robertson JR, Brettle RP, Yap PL, Middleton D, Leigh Brown AJ. Mismatched human leukocyte antigen alleles protect against heterosexual HIV transmission. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2001; 27: 27780. 7Liu C, Carrington M, Kaslow RA, et al. Association of polymorphisms in human leukocyte antige
11、n class I and transporter associated with antigen processing genes with resistance to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. J Infect Dis 2003; 187: 140410. 8Allen S, Meinzen-Derr J, Kautzman M, et al. Sexual behaviour of HIV discordant couples after HIV counselling and testing. AIDS 2003; 1
12、7: 73340. 9Tang J, Tang S, Lobashevsky E, et al. Favorable and unfavorable HLA class I alleles and haplotypes in Zambians predominantly infected with clade C human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Virol 2002; 76: 827684. 10 Trachtenberg E, Korber B, Sollars C, et al. Advantage of rare HLA supertype
13、in HIV disease progression. Nat Med 2003; 9: 92835. 11 Peters B, Whittall T, Babaahmady K, Gray K, Vaughan R, Lehner T. Effect of heterosexual intercourse on mucosal alloimmunisation and resistance to HIV-1 infection. Lancet 2004; 363: 51824. Department of Epidemiology (M T Dorak MD, A Penman-Aguila
14、r MPH, E S Lobashevsky MD, M M Schaen MSPH, S A Allen MD, Prof R A Kaslow MD), Department of Medicine (J Tang PhD), and Department of Biostatistics (A O Westfall MS), School of Public Health; and Zambia UAB HIV Research Project (I Zulu MD, N G Kancheya MD, S A Allen); University of Alabama at Birmin
15、gham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0022, USA Correspondence to: Dr Richard A Kaslow (e-mail: rkaslowuab.edu) Human monoclonal antibody as prophylaxis for SARS coronavirus infection in ferrets Jan ter Meulen, Alexander B H Bakker, Edward N van den Brink, Gerrit J Weverling, Byron E E Martina, Bart L Haagmans
16、, Thijs Kuiken, John de Kruif, Wolfgang Preiser, Willy Spaan, Hans R Gelderblom, Jaap Goudsmit, Albert D M E Osterhaus SARS coronavirus continues to cause sporadic cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in China. No active or passive immunoprophylaxis for disease induced by SARS coronavirus is available. We investigated prophylaxis of SARS coronavirus infection with a neutralising human monoclonal antibody in ferrets, which can be readily infected with the virus. Prophylactic admini
