《{企业发展战略}事理学的历史与发展》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《{企业发展战略}事理学的历史与发展（141页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、The History and Development of Cybernetics,The History and Development of Cybernetics,事理学的历史与发展,Presented by The George Washington University in Cooperation with The American Society for Cybernetics,The History and Development of Cybernetics,The History and Development of Cybernetics,事理学的历史与发展,Histo
2、ry of Cybernetics,Many years ago . . . 很久以前,The things a person had to understand to get through life were relatively uncomplicated. 一个人要从生活中理解的事情相对来说还不是很复杂。,Relative Complication,Every object or process, which we shall refer to as a system, was relatively simple. 每一个物体或者过程，如果我们可称之为一个系统，都还相对简单。,Obje
3、cts Warren McCulloch, organizer of the Macy Foundation meetings; Grey Walter, creator of Elsie, the tortoise; and Norbert Wiener, who suggested that the field be called Cybernetics. 下图为1950年代拍摄的4位著名的事理学家。从左至右为：内稳态模拟器的Ross Ashby，梅西会议的组织者Warren McCulloch，乌龟Elsie的创造者Grey Walter，及将学科名称建议为事理学的Norbert Wie
4、ner。,Prominent Early Cyberneticians,Neurophysiology 神经生理学+Mathematics 数学+Philosophy 哲学,Warren McCulloch was a key figure in enlarging the scope of cybernetics. Although a psychiatrist by training, McCulloch combined his knowledge of neurophysiology, mathematics, and philosophy to better understand a
5、 very complex system . . . Warren McCulloch是扩大事理学范畴上的一位重要人物。作为一位经过训练的精神病专家，他将自己在神经生理学、数学与物理的知识结合起来以更好地理解复杂系统。,Neurophysiology, Mathematics, and Philosophy,. . . the human nervous system. 和人类的神经系统。,The Human Nervous System,He believed that the functioning of the nervous system could be described in t
6、he precise language of mathematics. 他相信神经系统的功能能够用非常精确的数学语言来描述。,Human Nervous System and Mathematical Equations,For example, he developed an equation which explained the fact that when a cold object such as an ice cube touches the skin for a brief instant, paradoxically it gives the sensation of heat
7、 rather than cold. 例如，他开发出一个方程式，用来解释了这样一个事实，就是当一个冰块在短暂的时间内碰触到皮肤的时候，皮肤会很荒谬地感觉到热而不是冷。,Cold = Hot,Neurophysiology 神经生理学 +Mathematics 数学+Philosophy 哲学,McCulloch used not only mathematics and neurophysiology to understand the nervous system but also philosophy a rare combination. Scientists and philosoph
8、ers are often considered miles apart in their interests scientists study real, concrete, . . . Warren McCulloch 不仅用数学与神经生理学来理解神经系统，他还用到了哲学，这是一种很少见的组合。科学家与哲学家通常被认为是风马牛不相及的学科，科学家研究真实的、具体的,Neurophysiology, Mathematics and Philosophy,. . . physical things, like plants, . . . 物质的事物，例如植物,Plants,. . . anim
9、als, . . 动物 .,Animals,. . . and minerals, while philosophers, . . 矿石，而哲学家们.,Minerals,. . . study abstract things like ideas, thoughts, and concepts. 研究的是抽象的东西，像想法、思想以及概念。,Abstract Ideas, Thoughts, and Concepts,Epistemology = Study of Knowledge认识论 知识的学习,McCulloch could see that there is a connection
10、between the science of neurophysiology and a branch of philosophy called epistemology, which is the study of knowledge. Warren McCulloch能够发现在作为科学的神经生理学与哲学的一个分枝认识论，也就是知识的学习之间有一种联系。,Epistemology = Study of Knowledge,While knowledge is usually considered invisible and abstract, McCulloch realized that
11、knowledge is formed in a physical organ of the body, the brain. 而知识通常被认为是不可见的，是抽象的， Warren McCulloch认识到知识是在人体的一个物理器官中形成的，即大脑。,Knowledge Formed in the Brain,PhysicalAbstract物质的抽象的 Brain Mind Knowledge大脑心灵知识,The mind is, in fact, the meeting place between the brain and an idea, between the physical an
12、d the abstract, between science and philosophy. 心灵事实上是大脑与想法、物质的与抽象的，科学与哲学的交汇处。,The Mind The Meeting Place Between the Brain and an Idea,Philosophical 哲学的,Physical 物理的,Experimental Epistemology 实验认识论,McCulloch founded a new field of study based on this intersection of the physical and the philosophic
13、al. This field of study he called experimental epistemology, the study of knowledge through neurophysiology. The goal was to explain how the activity of a nerve network results in what we experience as feelings and ideas. McCulloch根据自己对物理与哲学交集的研究建立了一个新的领域。他将此称为”实验认识论“，用神经生理学来研究知识。目的在于要解释神经网络的活动是怎样产生
14、我们所体验的感觉与想法的。,Experimental Epistemology,Cybernetics = Regulation of Systems事理学 系统的调节,Why is McCullochs work so important to cyberneticians? Remember, cybernetics is the science of the regulation of systems. McCulloch的工作为什么对事理学这么重要呢？要记住，事理学是系统的调节的科学。,Cybernetics = Regulation of Systems,The human brai
15、n is perhaps the most remarkable regulator of all, regulating the human body as well as many other systems in its environment. A theory of how the brain operates is a theory of how all of human knowledge is generated. 人类的大脑大概是所有的东西中最为非凡的调节器，调节着人的身体以及在自己环境中的许多其他系统。大脑是怎么运作的理论就是人类的知识是怎样产生出来的理论。,Human B
16、rain The Most Remarkable Regulator of All,Whereas an anti-aircraft gun and a thermostat are devices constructed by people to regulate certain systems, the mind is a system that constructs itself and regulates itself. We shall say more about this phenomenon in a few minutes. 高射防空炮与温度计是人造出来调节某些系统的，心灵是一个创立自己并调节自己的系统。我们马上就会更多地加以介绍。,Mind Regulates Itself,Other Concepts in Cybernetics事理学的其他概念,Now that we have touched on some of the key people, their interests, and their contributions, we
