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1、信用证案例分析,程 军 中国银行总行国际结算部总监 ICC CHINA 信用证专家组成员 2006年2月25日 上海,Copyright2005 Cheng Jun,KEY ISSUE ONE,LC FRAUD (信用证欺诈问题),Copyright2005 Cheng Jun,LC FRAUD,1、UCP中没有信用证欺诈的规定。 2、UCP中也没有规定信用证欺诈的救济。 3、寻求司法救济信用证欺诈例外原则。 1)什么是信用证欺诈信用证欺诈的认定标准问题。 2)信用证欺诈例外的例外问题。,Copyright2005 Cheng Jun,LC FRAUD,信用证欺诈例外原则 是指在肯定信用证独立
2、性原则的前提下,允许银行在存在信用证欺诈的情况下,不予兑付,法院亦可以颁发止付令对银行的兑付行为予以禁止。 三个理论基础 欺诈使一切变得无效(fraus omnia corrumpit) 诚实信用原则 公共秩序保留原则,Copyright2005 Cheng Jun,LC FRAUD,信用证欺诈认定的标准 1、美国的标准 A) Pre-UCC Position B) Prior UCC Article 5 Position C) Revised UCC Article 5 Position,Copyright2005 Cheng Jun,LC FRAUD,A) Pre-UCC Position
3、 The Sztejn Case (1941年里程碑式的判例:Sztejn v. J. Henry Schroder Banking Corp(31 N.Y.S.2d 631) ) Intentional fraud/egregious fraud/a more flexible equitable standard of fraud,Copyright2005 Cheng Jun,LC FRAUD,B) Prior UCC Article 5 Position 4-114(2)条 : “除非另有协议,当各项单据表面符合信用证条款,但其中某项必要单据事实上不符合所有权凭证之流通或转让中的担保(
4、warranty made on negotiation or transfer of a document of title)(第7-507条)或保付证券之流通或转让中的担保(第8-306条)时,或某项必要单据属于伪造、带有欺诈或在交易中存在欺诈时, a.开证人必须兑付汇票或支付命令,如果提出兑付要求的是议付银行;或是取得信用证项下之汇票或支付命令的其他执票人,只要该执票人取得汇票或支付命令的方式使其可以成为正当执票人(第3-302条),或在适当情况下,使其可以成为所有权凭证正常流通后的受让人(第7-502条)或保付证券的善意购买人(第8-302条);以及 b.在所有其他情况下,相对于客户来
5、说,开证人只要善意作为,就可以兑付汇票或支付命令,即使客户已经发出通知,说明单据上存在欺诈、伪造或其他表面上不能显见的缺陷;但具有适当管辖权的法院可以禁止此种兑付。”),Copyright2005 Cheng Jun,LC FRAUD,判例中出现了大量不同的认定信用证欺诈的标准 1)Intentional Fraud NMC Enterprises Inc v. Columbia Broadcasting System Inc.(1974)14 UCC Rep Serv 1427) 2) Letter of credit fraud Emery-Waterhouse Co v. Rhode I
6、sland Hospital Trust National Bank(1985)757 F 2d 399) 3) Flexible Standard United Bank Ltd v. Cambridge Sporting Goods Corp(1976)392 NYS 2d 265),Copyright2005 Cheng Jun,LC FRAUD,4) Constructive fraud Dynamics Corp of America v. Citizens Intent to defraud; Reasonable reliance on the representation; C
7、ausing damages to the plaintiff.,Copyright2005 Cheng Jun,LC FRAUD,The beneficiary admitted that it had known that the fibre content of the goods shipped did not match the description of the goods stated in the presented documents. The beneficiary also knew that the issuing bank would be liable to pa
8、y under the L/C if documents that appear on their face to comply with L/C terms were presented.,Copyright2005 Cheng Jun,LC FRAUD,The court therefore concluded that the beneficiary had intended to defraud the issuer and that a 5% discrepancy in fabric content was material to the underlying sales tran
9、saction. “ misrepresentation was material because the issuer would not have honored the credit had the misrepresentation not been made. “,Copyright2005 Cheng Jun,LC FRAUD,Western Surety Co. v. Bank of Southern Oregon Bank of Southern Oregon 开立了两份以Western Surety Co.为受益人的备用信用证,用来反担保Western Surety Co.开
10、出的两份履约保函,该保函一份对应于Washington的工程,一份对应于Oregon的工程。但备用证中并未明确是对应于具体的工程。 受益人在对应于Washington的工程的保函项下遭到索赔,却分别在两份备用证下提交汇票索款,开证人对对应于Oregon工程的备用证以受益人的实质性欺诈为由拒绝付款。 Q: 开证人的以实质性欺诈为由的抗辩能成立吗?,Copyright2005 Cheng Jun,LC FRAUD,COURT:“First, there is no evidence of a representation by the beneficiary. Indeed, the only e
11、vidence of record is that the beneficiary merely presented the Bank with the drafts required by the letters. Further, assuming that Westerns drafts acted as some sort of representation, there is no evidence that it was false. The letters of credit are identical on their face, except for the number,
12、date, expiration date and aggregate amount, and there is no indication anywhere on them that they were for specific construction projects.,Copyright2005 Cheng Jun,LC FRAUD,COURT:“to establish a claim for fraud, the Bank had to show that there was a genuine issue of material fact as to the following
13、elements: (1) a representation; (2) its falsity; (3) its materiality; (4) the speakers knowledge of its falsity or ignorance of its truth; (5) his intent that it should be acted on by the person and in the manner reasonably contemplated; (6) the hearers ignorance of its falsity; (7) his reliance on
14、its truth; (8) his right to rely thereon; and (9) his consequent and proximate injury.,Copyright2005 Cheng Jun,LC FRAUD,结论 虽然UCC5(1995)确立了“material fraud”的认定标准,但如何在具体案件中去把握则是取决于法官的自由裁量权。对什么是“实质性欺诈”的判决仍有不同的判例产生。 (Mid-America Tire, Inc. v. PTZ Trading Ltd. Import and Export Agents ),Copyright2005 Chen
15、g Jun,LC FRAUD,2、英国的标准 英国因信用证欺诈而给予禁令救济的第一 宗判例出现在1977年(Edward Owen v. Barclays Bank)。 英国一直对欺诈例外原则的适用有相当严 格的限制。 “Material misrepresentation”,Copyright2005 Cheng Jun,LC FRAUD,CASE STUDY UNITED CITY MERCHANTS (INVESTMENTS) LTD. v. ROYAL BANK OF CANADA 涉及倒签提单。货物实际于1976年12月16日装船,但提单显示的装运日期为12月15日(L/C要求的最迟
16、装船日)。而该倒签行为是航运代理人瞒着受益人作出的,受益人并不知晓。 Q:是否可以以欺诈为由拒绝付款?,Copyright2005 Cheng Jun,LC FRAUD,一审法院:如果是卖方个人的欺诈行为或不道德行为去提交这样的倒签单据,银行应当根据“违反道德之对价不生诉权”的原则有权拒绝付款,但该案中的欺诈行为不在卖方,其在提交单据时也不知悉,因而卖方有权得到信用证下的偿付。,Copyright2005 Cheng Jun,LC FRAUD,上诉法院推翻了一审判决 : 申请人给予银行的是对真实单据付款的授权,因而银行对伪造单据拒绝付款是再正当不过的了,第三方欺诈并不能成为受益人对欺诈例外原则适用的抗辩。 风险分摊的角度 银行担保权益角度,Copyright2005 Cheng Jun,LC FRAUD,贵族院又推翻了上诉法院的判决,维持一审法院的判决 : 仍然强调由于是第三方欺诈,受益人并未参与,也不知悉该欺诈,不应对受益人适用欺诈例外原则。另外还认为,该带有虚假装船日期的提单并未完全失去法律效力,毕竟货物已经装运,提单持有人仍可以用