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1、,How to Write an Abstract,I. Definition of abstract II. Function of abstract III. Contents of abstract IV. Suggestions for abstract writing V. Keywords writing,contents,I. What is an abstract ?,Abstract is a short description of the entire paper that appears right at the beginning of the body part a
2、nd it is often regarded as the most important component in a research paper.,II. What is the function of an abstract ?,An abstract is used by potential readers（潜在读者） to determine its relevance to their interest and finally to decide whether or not he/she needs to read the entire paper.,III. Contents
3、 of abstract,Topic specification 主题说明 Background information 背景信息 Purpose statement 目的陈述 Methodology and data 方法与数据 Results/findings 研究结果 Implication/Conclusion 结论,The 3 Key Elements in an Abstract,A. The statement of purpose about your research; B. The method of your research; C. The conclusion of
4、your research.,STRUCTURE of Abstract,Classification of abstracts Structure of an informative abstract Features of an abstract,Classification of abstracts,informative abstract - the primary research objective or purpose- method employed in solving the problems- principal findings or results- major co
5、nclusions and serves as a substitute for the full paper descriptive abstractoutlines the topics covered in the paper and is like a table of contents in paragraph form.,Structure of an informative abstract,Background why do you want to do the research? Research question what question are you trying t
6、o answer and what is the research topic of your paper? Method how (what material, what method, and what procedures) do you get answers to your research question? Results what is your answer to the question? Conclusions what implications does the answer imply?,Features of an abstract,Concise write ev
7、erything relevant to the paper in as simple terms as possible. Objective states objectively the main points of the paper. Consistent be consistent with the other parts of the whole paper, and never include what has not been mentioned in the paper. Complete cover all the main points of the paper and
8、be a miniature of the paper. Brief conveys in as few words as possible the essential information contained in the body of the paper.,Useful EXPRESSIONS,To DEFINE the background and argument of the present study Although (the research subject), (the related problem) is as yet undetermined. (The resea
9、rch subject), however, (the related problem) remains unsolved. (Previous studies) have examined, (the related problem) is that, despite (Problems in certain research area) are, yet (the present solution) has frequently been questioned because,This paper describes/presents (the argument) within (a th
10、eoretical context) While (the debate on certain research subject) seems to, (the present agreement) is still problematic.,To STATE the purpose of the present study,This paper advances the view that The article advocates/discusses/develops/focuses on/gives detailed explanation for/investigates into/p
11、roposes/holds that/ The purpose/intention of this paper is The primary goal/aim of this research is,The overall objective of this study is In this paper/study, we aim at The work/investigation presented in this paper focuses on This research is designed to determine/measure/evaluate The author inten
12、ds/attempts o outline the framework of/obtain some knowledge of,To DESCRIBE the angle of observing issues, from the angle of in the light of the context that To view something at a different angle/from various angles From the point of view of From the perspective of,To INTRODUCE the main participant
13、s or materials,The present study has investigated by using/analyzing (participants/materials) In this study, we inquired/examined/evaluated (participants/materials) The experiments/investigations of the present study involved (participants/materials),To DESCRIBE research method and procedures,Detail
14、ed information has been acquired by the authors using. Several sets of experiments have been performed to test the validity of The technique the author adopted is referred to as The experiments consisted of four steps, which are described in The method/approach used in the present study is The exper
15、iment/investigation in the paper is conducted by adopting,The procedure the present study followed can be briefly described as The experiment/study consisted of the following steps: Included in the experiment were Based on the idea that, we conducted the present study, categorized, and evaluated,To
16、PRESENT results, findings and conclusion,The results of the experiment indicate/suggest that; it is also found that The results are as follows: The analysis of the samples indicates that. The data obtained seem to be very similar o those reported earlier by,It is concluded that.; the results also imply the further study into The investigation/experiment varied by and the results also revealed that These findings of the research have led the author to the conclusion that,IV. Suggesti
