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1、Grammar,语法精解(一),1. 同位语the Appositive 同位语是句子成分的一种, 它位于名词、代词后面, 说明它们的性质和情况, 它可以由名词、代词、名词性短语或从句充当。,同位语的表现形式有以下几种： (1) 名词 Tom, our monitor, is a handsome boy. (2) 代词 I myself will do the experiment. (3) 数词 She is the oldest among them six.,(4) 从句 He told me the news that the plane had exploded. 他告诉我飞机爆炸
2、的消息。 (5) 由such as, that is引导 Some subjects, such as maths and physics, are very difficult to learn. 某些学科,例如数学和物理,是很难学的。,(6) 由of引导 The city of Beijing has been greatly changed since 2000. 自从2000年以来, 北京市发生了很大的变化。,(7) 由or引导 The freezing temperature, or freezing point, is the temperature at which water
3、freezes under ordinary pressure. 结冰温度即冰点,是水在常压下结冰时的温度。,一. 指出下例句子划线部分是什么句子成份。 1. There is going to be a Chinese film tonight.( ) 2. She is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow. ( ),配套练习(一),表语,谓语,3. Her wish is to become a teacher. ( ) 4. He, my brother, managed to finish the work in time. ( ) 5. Tom came t
4、o ask me for advice. ( ),表语,同位语,状语,6. We found it important to learn English. ( ) 7. Do you have anything else to wash? ( ) 8. To be honest, your writing isnt so good. ( ),形式宾语,定语,插入语,9. Would you please tell me your name? ( ) 10. They noticed a man enter the room. ( ),间接宾语、直接宾语,宾语补足语,1. My performa
5、nce in the driving test didnt reach the required standard, _ , I failed. A. in the end B. after all C. in other words D. at the same time,二. 单项填空。,C,2. Meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment, _ I will always treasure. (NMET2002) A. that B. one C. it D. what,B,1. On my way
6、 home I met an old friend of my. 2. They paid no attention to the doctors advice they should stop smoking.,三.单句改错,第二个my改为mine,在they前加that,2. 同位语从句the Appositive clause (1) 同位语从句的定义 在复合句中用作同位语的从句称为同位语从句。同位语从句是名词性从句的一种。它在句中起同位语的作用。,语法精解(二),它一般放在fact, news, idea, truth , hope , problem, information, be
7、lief, thought, doubt, promise, question 等名词的后面, 对前面的名词作进一步的解释, 说明前面名词的具体含义。引导同位语从句的词有连词that, 连接副词how, when, where, whether, what等。,e.g. The hope that he may recover is not gone yet. The problem whether we should continue to do the experiment has been solved. I have no idea when he will come back.,同位
8、语从句有时被别的词把它和名词隔开：,注意:,The story goes that William Tell killed the king with an arrow. Word came that their team had won., 同位语从句的表现形式: 由that引导 The fact that you havent enough time to do the work is simply unbelievable. The hope that he may come here is not gone yet.,The news that he has been elected
9、president of the United States is true. The truth that heavy objects and light objects fall at the same speed is known to all. The problem that she later developed a serious lung disease bothered scientists., 由whether引导 The question whether we need more time to do the work has not been discussed. 由w
10、hen引导 I have no idea when they will go., 有时可用 namely (即), that is to say (也就是说), in other words (换句话说), that is (那就是), for example 等引出同位语, 说明其前面的名词或代词。有时同位语直接跟在名词或代词的后面。,He told us the good news, namely, the museum is open to all. There is only one way of improving your English , that is , to practi
11、ce more. Altogether Dolly had lived for six years, half the length of the life of the original sheep., 同位语从句与定语从句的区别: 同位语从句与定语从句在使用中常常混淆,我们可以从以下几个方面区别它们: 同位语从句说明的名词大都是抽象名词; 定语从句所修饰、限定的名词或代词有抽象的也有不抽象的。,We express the hope that they will come to visit China again. (同位语从句) Those who want to go please s
12、ign their names here. (定语从句), 同位语从句所说明的名词与从句没有逻辑关系； 定语从句所限定的名词是从句逻辑上的主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等。,The news that they won the match is true. (同位语从句, news和从句没有逻辑关系) The news that you told us yesterday is true. (定语从句, news是told的逻辑宾语),The order when we should go back hasnt reached us. (同位语从句, order和从句没有逻辑关系) The da
13、y when New China was founded will never be forgotten. (定语从句, day是founded 的逻辑状语), 同位语从句主要由连接词that引导,有时也可用when, where, who, whether等引导; 定语从句由关系代词或关系副词引导。 Then he raised the question where they were to get the machine needed. Do you know the place where he was born?, 引导同位语从句的连词不可省略; 引导定语从句的关系代词作宾语时常可省略
14、。 The news that he has been elected monitor of our class is true. The news (that) he told me is exciting., 同位语从句与先行词一般可变成一个完整句子, 谓语动词用be的不同形式。 He heard the news that their team had won. 此句可以变为一个表语从句: The news was that their team had won.,练习,1. Two fifths of all girls in America are on a diet./The fa
15、ct worries their parents and teachers a lot.,The fact that two fifths of all girls in America are on a diet worries their parents and teachers a lot.,把下面两个句子连成一个含同位语从句的复合句。,2. The Queen of England was on a four-day visit in China./We heard the news last night.,We heard the news last night that the Q
16、ueen of England was on a four-day visit in china.,3. Teenagers shouldnt spend too much time online. /Many Chinese parents hold the view.,Many Chinese parents hold the view that teenagers shouldnt spend too much time online.,4. Time travel is possible./We have no scientific proof for the idea.,We have no scientific proof for the idea
