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1、专题五 介 词,介词是一种用来表示词与词、词与句之间的关系的虚词，在句中不能单独作句子成分。介词后面一般有名词、代词或相当于名词的其他词类，短语或从句作它的宾语。介词和它的宾语构成介词词组，在句中作状语、表语、定语或宾语补足语。介词可分为时间介词、地点介词、方式介词、原因介词和其他介词。 Nothing in the world could live without air or water.(状语) This machine is in good condition.(表语) Where is the key to my bike?(定语) She always thinks herself
2、 above others.（宾补）,一、介词的分类 （1）从用法分类,（2）从结构分类,【考点一】考查with/without复合结构 介词with/without+名词/代词+形容词/副词/介词短语/动词不定式/分词（分词可以是现在分词，也可以是过去分词）在句中表状态或说明背景情况，常作伴随、方式、原因、条件等状语。 With all the things she needed bought, she went home happily. Possibly this person died without anyone knowing where the coins were hidden
3、. 【即学即练】 单项填空 It was a pity that the great writer died _ his works unfinished. A. for B. with C. from D. of 解析：选B。考查with复合结构。works 与unfinish之间为动宾关系，所以用过去分词表示被动。如果名词或代词与后面的动词是主谓关系，则用现在分词表示主动。,【考点二】考查工具、手段、方式介词 （1）by, in, on三词都可表示旅行的方式 不涉及交通工具的名词时用by，名词前不加冠词。如by sea, by water, by land, by rail, by air
4、等。 涉及交通工具的名词时用by，名词须用单数形式，前面不加冠词或任何修饰语。如by bike, by taxi, by plane, by ship/boat, by train, by spaceship等。 当旅行方式涉及确定特指的交通工具时，用on或in，名词前加冠词、物主代词、指示代词等修饰语。如travel to New York in this plane，leave on an early train，go to school on my bike等。 注意：步行、骑马、骑骆驼均用on。如on foot，on horseback，on a horse，on the camel。
5、 （2）with, by, in三词均意为“用”，表示行为的工具、手段或方式。 with用于有形的工具或身体某些器官之前，其后的名词多被冠词、物主代词等修饰。 They are digging with a pick/spade. We see with our eyes, hear with our ears, and walk with our legs.,by, in, on, over, through等介词多用于无形的工具或方式手段之前。如by hand, in ink, on the telephone, over the radio, through the telescope等
6、。 注意：使用语言、原料、材料时，用in表示，如in English/Japanese；in blue ink等。 表达“用方法/式”时，所用介词有：in this/that/the same way，by means of，by this/that means，with this/that method等。 【考点三】考查of+抽象名词的用法 “of+抽象名词”的用法与形容词相同，在句中可作表语、定语、补语。 of+great/much +抽象名词=very+名词的形容词形式 of+no+抽象名词=not+名词的形容词形式 It is of great value.=It is very v
7、aluable. It is of no use.=It is useless. The camel is of great help to the Arab. The camel is very helpful to the Arab.,【考点四】考查表示程度的介词by, to, beyond by 表示“增加了”；to表示“增加到”；beyond表示“范围, 限度超出”。 This new model of car is so expensive that it is beyond the reach of those with average incomes. 【即学即练】 单项填空 S
8、orry, Madam. Youd better come tomorrow because its _ the visiting hours. A. during B. at C. beyond D. before 解析：选C。考查介词的用法。句意为：对不起，女士，你最好明天来，因为已经过了开放时间了。beyond（时间）晚于，迟于。 【考点五】考查介词but的固定搭配 have no choice but to do只得做某事； cant help but do不得不做； cant but do不得不只能； cant choose but do只得做某事； but for要不是。 I ha
9、ve no choice but to accept his conditions. There was no taxi that day, I couldnt choose but stay there for,another night. 【考点六】考查to ones+情感类名词 to 与情感类名词连用，表示“某人因某事的发生而唤起其内心的某种情感”。常见的结构有：toonesdelight/surprise/horror/sorrow/joy/regretto the delight/surprise/horror/sorrow/joy/regret of sb.。这种结构表示结果，用作
10、状语，通常置于句首，也可置于句中或句末。若要加强该结构的语气，有两种方式：在名词前加great, deep等形容词修饰；在整个短语前加副词greatly, much等修饰。 To his disappointment, he failed again. 【考点七】考查名词与to构成的固定搭配 key, approach, solution, answer, entrance, visit, attitude等与to构成固定搭配：the key/approach/solution/answer/entrance/visit/attitude to.。 It is said that they h
11、ave adopted a new approach to teaching English.,【考点八】考查介词by的用法 (1)by+地点名词。表示方位，意为“在旁边”。 注意：表示“从旁边经过”时,多与动词go/walk/pass等词连用。 (2)by+时间名词，意为“到时（已发生某事）；最晚,不迟于,在之前”,此时谓语多用完成时。 (3)by+名词。可用来表示方法、方式、手段等。 by+the+可数名词(时间、长度、重量等),意为“按计算;按买(卖)”。 by+表示时间、长度、重量等总称的不可数名词（名词前不加冠词）,意为“按计算，按买(卖)”。 by+表示交通工具、交通方式名词（名词
12、前不加冠词，不用复数）,意为“通过；由；乘”。 by+抽象名词或具有抽象意义的普通名词（名词前不加冠词，不用复数），意为“靠；通过；由所致”。 by+地点或工具等具体名词。表示路线、途径，意为“通过（某物、某地）；取道”。 by+动词-ing，意为“通过；靠；凭”。,(4)by+数量词。 表示升降、增减的程度。 表示距离和面积、体积中的尺寸及乘除法中的运算。 (5)by+身体部位/衣服类名词。表示被抓住身体/衣物的某一部分，常与catch/seize/take/hold/grab等动词连用。 It takes a long time to go there by train; its quic
13、ker by road. The man entered the room by the back door. The demand for organic food is increasing by about one third every year. Milk is sold by the pint, butter by the pound, and eggs by the dozen.,【难点一】It is +adj.+of/for sb. to do sth. 选词填空（for/of） It is kind _ the teachers to help support the poo
14、r students.,It is quite important _ us to protect the environment. 解析：当形容词说明不定式逻辑主语的性质、特征时，用介词of。常见的形容词有：kind, good, nice, clever, stupid, foolish, considerate等，此时句子可以改写为sb.+be+adj. to do sth.。所以应选of，此句还可以改写为：The teachers are kind to help support the poor students；而当形容词说明不定式的性质时，用介词for，常见的形容词有：impor
15、tant, necessary, possible等，故应选for。 【难点二】except, besides, except for/that, but 选词填空（except/besides/expect for/that/but） Your article is quite good _ several spelling mistakes. Nobody knew his name _ me. Some people choose jobs for other reasons _ money these days. I would buy the suit, _ it costs too
16、 much. Who _ a fool would do such a thing?,解析：except指从整体中除去一部分,排除或不包括在内；besides意为“除之外（还有）”，表示包括besides之后的内容，含有“尚有”之意；except for 表示部分地修正主句的内容，带有一种惋惜的语气；except that 与except for意义相同，只是except that后面接从句；but与except意思相近, 常用在no, all, nobody, anywhere, everything等不定代词和疑问词后面。所以选except for表示修正；选except表示排除在外；选besides表示“除之外，还”；选except that其后跟从句；选but，常用于疑问词后。 注意：but前面的谓语动词是实义动词do时，后接省略“to”的不定式作宾语；反之，则后接带to的不定式作宾语。 She had no choice but to wait. He
