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1、语法专项1：定语从句【定语从句综述】定语从句在句中作定语，修饰名词或代词。被修饰的名词或者代词被称为先行词，定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。引导定语从句的词被称为关系词，关系词有关系代词和关系副词，它们在先行词和定语从句之间起引导作用，在意义上代替先行词，在定语从句中充当一个成分。定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。一、定语从句中关系词的选用1找出先行词，关系词的选择主要依据先行词在从句中所作的成分，先行词在从句中作主语、定语、宾语时，选择关系代词(who，whom，that，which，whose)；先行词在从句中作状语时，应选择关系副词(where，when，why)。2who，w
2、hom，that这些词代替的先行词是表示人的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。Is he the man who/that wants to see you?他就是想见你的那个人吗？(who/that在从句中作主语)He is the man whom/that I am waiting for.他就是我正在等待的那个人。(whom/that在从句中作宾语)which，that所代替的先行词是表示事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。He failed in the exam，which made his father angry.他考试不及格，这使他父亲很生气。3关系副词when，
3、where，why的先行词是表示时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。具体用法如下：when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语；where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语；why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。The reason why I dont trust him is that he often tells lies.我不信任他的原因是他常常撒谎。【小叮咛】先行词是时间名词或地点名词时，如果在从句中不作状语，则不能用when或where引导定语从句，而要用which/that。I still remember the day which/that we spent together in
4、 the city.我仍然记得我们一起在那座城市度过的那一天。(这里which/that指代the day作spent的宾语)。二、关系代词的用法关系代词有who，whom，which，that和whose，另外，as也可充当关系代词。关系代词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、表语和定语。1who指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。The boys who are playing football are from Class One.在踢足球的孩子们是一班的。2whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语，常可省略。Mr. Liu is the person（whom）you talked about just
5、now.刘老师就是你刚才提到的那个人。3which 指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。The book which he gave me is very interesting.你给我的那本书非常有趣。4that 指人时，相当于who 或whom；指物时，相当于which。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。She is the pop star（that）I want to see very much.她就是我非常相见的那个明星。5whose可指人或物，修饰名词或代词，在定语从句中充当定语。“whose名词”可改为“the名词of which/whom”或“of wh
6、ich/whom the名词”。The house whose windows are very large is my uncles.窗子很大的那所房子是我叔叔家。= The house of which the windows are very large is my uncles.= The house the windows of which are very large is my uncles. 6as可指人也可指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语。（1）引导限制性定语从句，先行词前常有as，the same，so，such修饰，且在从句中作主语、宾语或表语时，关系代词要用as。I
7、t was so difficult a problem as nobody in my class could work out.（作work out的宾语）【小叮咛】so/such.that结构中，that引导结果状语从句，只起连接作用，不充当从句的任何成分。It was so difficult a problem that nobody in my class could work it out.（work out 已经有宾语，that只起连接作用）This is the same village where we spent our childhood.（先行词作从句中的地点状语，故
8、要用关系副词where；as仅在句子缺少关系代词时使用。）（2）as可以引导非限制性定语从句，代指整个主句的内容，从句中常用的谓语动词为see，say，hear，expect，know，report等，常译为“正如，正像”，其引导的从句可以放在主句前面也可以放在主句后面。As we all know，Taiwan belongs to China.众所周知，台湾是中国的一部分。Avatar is a very successful film，as is known to us all.我们大家都知道，阿旺塔是一部非常成功的电影。三、关系副词的用法关系副词有when，where和why，在定语从
9、句中充当状语。1when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。其先行词是表时间的名词time，day，week，year，month等。常用on which，in which，at which，during which等代替。I still remember the day when（on which）we first met.2where 指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。其先行词是表示地点的名词。可以用“介词关系代词”代替。The house where（in which）he lives is near the river.3why 指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。可用for which来替代。
10、why不可引导非限制性定语从句。Tell me the reason why（for which）you came late.【小叮咛】用关系代词还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。四、that 与 which的用法区别。两者都可指物，常可互换。其区别主要在于：1. 引导非限制性定语从句时，通常要用which：She received an invitation from her boss, which came as a surprise. 她收到了老板的邀请，这是她意想不到的。2. 直接放在介词后作宾语时，通常要用w
11、hich：The tool with which he is working is called a hammer. 他干活用的那个工具叫做锤子。3. 当先行词是下列不定代词或被它们修饰时much, little, none, all, few, every(thing), any(thing), no(thing) 等时，通常用that：There was little that the enemy could do but surrender. 敌人无法,只有投降了。All Everything that can be done must be done. 凡能做的事都必须做。4. 当先行
12、词有the very, the only, the same 等修饰时，通常用that：This is the only example that I know. 我知道的例子只有这一个。Those are the very words that he used. 那是他的原话。5. 当先行词有形容词最高级或序数词(包括last, next等)等修饰时，通常用that：This is the best dictionary that Ive ever used. 这是我用过的最好的词典。The first thing that you should do is to work out a pl
13、an. 你应该做的第一件事是订个计划。6. 当关系代词在定语从句中用作表语时，通常用that：China is not the country (that) it was. 中国已不是过去的中国了。7. 当先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列词组时，通常用that：They talked about the persons and things that most impressed them. 他们谈论了使他们印象最深的人和事。8. 当要避免重复时：Which is the course that we are to take? 我们选哪门课程?五、that与who的用法区别：1. 两者均可指人，
14、有时可互换：All that /who heard him were delighted. 所有听了他讲话的人都很高兴。Have you met anybody that /who has been to Paris? 你遇见过到过巴黎的人吗?He is the only one among us that /who knows Russian.他是我们中间唯一懂俄语的人。2. 但是在下列情况，通常要用 that：1) 当先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列词组时：I made a speech on the men and things that I had seen abroad. 我就我在国外
15、所见到的人和事作了报告。2)当先行词是who时(为避免重复)：Who was it that won the World Cup in 1982? 谁赢得了1982年的世界杯?3)当关系代词在定语从句中作表语时(可省略)：Tom is not the boy (that) he was. 汤姆这孩子已不是以前那个样子了。六、who与whom的用法区别：1. 两者均只用于人，从理论上说，who 为主格，whom为宾格。Wheres the girl who sells the tickets? 卖票的女孩在哪里?The author whom you criticized in your view has written a letter in reply. 你在评论中批评的那个作者已写了一封回信。【小叮咛】但实际上，除非在正式文体中，宾格关系代词 whom 往往省略不用，或用who或that代之，例如：The man (that, who, whom) you met just now is called Jim. 你刚遇见的那个人叫吉姆。2. 在以下几种情况值得注意：1) 直接跟在介词后面作宾语时，只能用 whom，而且不能省略：She brought with her three friends, none of
