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1、Chapter 4 Arts,P50 4.1 Calligraphy and Painting 4.1.1 Calligraphy 书法 calligraphy 硬笔书法 pen calligraphy 表音成分 phonetic component 表形成分 symbolic component 汉字偏旁 components of Chinese characters 线条艺术 the art of lines 汉字书写（体） Chinese script,汉字从图画和符号演变而来，中国书法艺术自然而然衍生于这一特殊的书写体系（绝大多数汉字由表音和表形成分构成），因此中国书法也被称作线条艺
2、术。 Chinese characters evolved from pictures and signs, and the Chinese art of calligraphy developed naturally from this special writing system (most Chinese characters consist of several phonetic and symbolic components), so Chinese calligraphy is also called the art of lines. 尽管中国书法以汉字为表达工具，但要欣赏中国书
3、法之美，不一定非要懂得汉语。 Although Chinese calligraphy uses Chinese words as its vehicle of expression, one does not have to know the language to appreciate its beauty. 书法的目的在于保持自然之美，突显人类精神之美。 Calligraphys purpose is to retain the beauty of nature and illuminate mans spiritual beauty.,P51 受到青睐 to find favor in
4、 汉学圈 the circle of Chinese language learning 汉学 Sinology 笔画 stroke 点、横、竖、撇、折、勾 dot stroke, horizontal stroke, vertical stroke, curved stroke, angular stroke, hooked stroke 部首，独立成字 radical, standalone character 篆书，隶书，草书，楷书，行书 the seal form, the official form, the cursive form, the regular form, the r
5、unning form,汉字笔画有24多种，分为六大类：点、横、竖、撇、折、勾。 Strokes within Chinese characters can have more than 24 varieties of shapes that fall into six basic categories: dian (dot stroke), heng (horizontal stroke), shu (vertical stroke), pie (curved stroke), zhe (angular stroke) and gou (hooked stroke). 汉字字体通常分为五种形
6、式：篆书、隶书、草书、楷书和行书。 Chinese scripts are generally divided into five forms: the seal form, the official form, the cursive form, the regular form, and the running form.,这些形式密切相关，但各有其独自的形体和特点。因此，书写时使用的方法各不相同。 These forms are closely related, but each form has its own shapes and features, so different met
7、hods are employed when writing them. 现在，最常用的书体是楷书和行书。 Recently, the most frequently used forms have been the regular form and the running form. 草书常用于中国书法的创新性作品中。 The cursive form is often applied in the creative works of Chinese calligraphy. 篆书是一种古老的书体，主要出现在战国和先秦时期的青铜器上。 The seal form is an ancient
8、script that mainly appeared on the bronze vessels during the Warring States and Pre-Qin Periods.,P52 小篆 small seal script 象形文字 pictography 大楷、小楷、中楷、行楷、行草 larger regular form, smaller regular form, medium regular form, running regular form, running cursive form 楷书四大家 four masters of the regular form,
9、篆书笔画柔美，形体方正，更近似象形文字。（柔美的笔画和方正的形体，使得篆书更接近象形文字。） Soft lines of strokes and upright rectangular shapes keep the seal form characters more close to pictography. 此种样式的书法笔画流畅，字字相连，所以平滑、生动。 This style of calligraphy is smooth and lively with strokes flowing and characters linking together. 前字最后一笔常顺入后字第一笔中，
10、因此字与字常常连接一起。 The characters are often joined, with the last stroke of one merging into the initial stroke of the next.,草书行笔自如而迅疾，所以字的某些部分看起来十分夸张。 It is executed freely and rapidly so that parts of the character appear exaggerated. 即使在同一幅作品中，字体也会大小各异，好像一切皆由书写者的一时兴致所支配。 They may vary in size in the sa
11、me piece of writing, all seemingly dictated by the whims of the writer. 线条的流畅和毛笔的节奏创造出一种整体的抽象美。 The flow of the lines and the rhythm of the brush create an abstract beauty of the whole.,如要学习书法，以楷书开始大有裨益，因为这种结构很有规律，易于掌握和临摹， When learning calligraphy, it is helpful to begin with the regular form becau
12、se the structure is regular and easy to handle and copy. 行书介于楷书和草书之间，可使书写更加简练、快速。 The running form is somewhere between the regular and the cursive forms, allowing simpler and faster writing. 如果书写严谨、笔画分明，行书会很接近楷书，称作“行楷”。 When carefully written with distinguishable strokes, the running form character
13、s will be very close to the regular style, called “the running regular form”. 如果书写急速，行书会接近草书，称作“行草”。 When swiftly executed, they will approach the cursive form, called “the running cursive form”.,P53 书圣 the Sage of Chinese Calligraphy (Wang Xizhi, Linyi) 碑刻（刻字石碑） carved stone tablet 拓片 stone rubbing
14、 兰亭（集）序 The Preface to the Lanting Collection of Calligraphy (Preface to the Orchid Pavilion Collection) 唐太宗 Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty 水墨画 ink-wash painting,东晋时期王羲之，人称“书圣” ，是中国历史上最著名的书法家之一。 Wang Xizhi in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the “Sage of Chinese Calligraphy”, is one of the most famous
15、calligraphers in Chinese history. 从这些刻石上印制的拓片被广泛复制和印刷，并被用作学习和练习书法艺术的范本，为世世代代的学习者所研习。 Stone rubbings taken from them have been reproduced and reprinted widely and studied by generations of students, used as models to learn and practice the art of calligraphy. 唐太宗得到了兰亭集序的真迹。 The original The Preface t
16、o the Lanting Collection of Calligraphy was acquired by Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty.,他爱不释手，于是命令宫廷书法家对其进行描摹。 He liked it so much that he ordered his courts calligraphers to make copies of it. 他驾崩的时候，王羲之的书法成为他的殉葬品。 When he died, Wang Xizhis calligraphy was buried with him. 遍及中国各地，人们在寺庙里、山洞的墙壁上、高山的绝壁和纪念碑的侧面都可以看到装饰性书法作品。 All over China, decorative calligraphy can be found in temples, on the walls of caves, and on the sides of mountains and monuments.,4.1.2 Painting 由于最早期的绘画和书法皆使用相同的工具和线条，故有“
