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1、Intercultural Communication Intercultural Communication Defined1. IC is actually an academic and applied discipline that has developed internationally since the 1950s. Sometimes called “cross-cultural communications” or “comparative culture,” or “transculture”. 2. On one level, IC is represented by
2、culture studies, where we examine the political, economic and lifestyle systems of other countries. 3. On another level, it is applied linguistics, where we seek to understand the relationship between language and culture. 4. IC is a broad and well-developed field of study.5. IC is an interdisciplin
3、ary application of fields like cultural anthropology, sociology, psychology (and social psychology), communication studies, applied linguistics and educational pedagogy.6. IC is a comprehensive attempt to understand all aspects of human cultures and how they interact with each other.Forms of Intercu
4、ltural Communicationa. International Communicationb. Interethnic Communicationc. Interracial Communication d. Intracultural CommunicationDefinition Final5) Culture is the total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, behaviors, institutions and communication patterns that are shared, learned and p
5、assed down through the generations in an identifiable group of people.2.Cultural Metaphors1. The Cultural Iceberg 2. The Cultural Onion 3.The Cultural Software 4.The Cultural Fish 5. The Cultural Story 6. Culture by Chinese 7. Culture by Americans3. Characteristics of Culture 1) Culture is shared Th
6、e members of a culture share a set of ideals, values, and standards of behaviors, and this set of ideals is what gives meaning to their lives, and what bond them together as a culture. 2)Culture is learnedActually, culture is not innate sensibility, but a learned characteristic. Children begin learn
7、ing about their own culture at home with their immediate family and how they interact each other, how they dress, and the rituals they perform. When the children are growing in the community, their cultural education is advanced by watching social interactions, taking part in cultural activities and
8、 rituals in the community, forming their own relationships and taking their place in the culture.3) Culture is based on symbols. In order for the culture to be transmitted from one person to the next, and from one generation to the next, a system of symbols needs to be created that translates the id
9、eals of the culture to its members. This is accomplished through language, art, religion and money.4) Culture is integratedFor the sake of keeping the culture, functioning all aspects of the culture must be integrated. For example, the language must be able to describe all the functions within the c
10、ulture in order for ideas and ideals to be transmitted from one person to another. Without the integration of language into the fabric of the culture, confusion and dysfunction would reign and the culture would fail.5) Culture is subjective to change (Dynamic) It is necessary to recognize that cultu
11、res are dynamic rather than static. They are constantly changing and evolving under the impact of events and through contact with other cultures. 6) Culture is ethnocentricEthnocentrism is the belief that your own cultural background, including ways of analyzing problems, values, beliefs, language,
12、and verbal and nonverbal communication, is correct. Ethnocentrists believe their culture is the central culture and other cultures are incorrect, ineffective, or quaint.7) Culture is adaptiveHistory offers so many examples of how cultures have changed as a result of laws, shifts in values, natural d
13、isasters, wars, or calamities. More and more women work as CEOs in major companies and as officials in government instead of remaining at home looking after children. Both women and men have made adaptation to this cultural change.Western Perspective of communicationIn western cultures, communicatio
14、n is studied as the means of transmitting ideas. Western cultures emphasize the instrumental function of communication; that is, effectiveness is evaluated in terms of success in the manipulation of others to achieve ones personal goal Eastern perspective of communication Definitions of communicatio
15、n from many Asian countries stress harmony, which is most notable in cultures with a Confucian tradition. Eastern cultures understanding would define communication as a process where all parties are searching to develop and maintain a social relationship.2. Components of communicationSender/Source （
16、信息源）A sender/source is the person who transmits a messageMessage （信息）A message is any signal that triggers the response of a receiver. Encoding （编码）Encoding refers to the activity during which the sender must choose certain words or nonverbal methods to send an intentional message. Channel /Medium （渠道）. Channel/Medium is the method used to deliver a message. Receiver （信
