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1、精品摘 要 当井内发生溢流,应立即关井，关井方式的合理选择必须考虑关井水击效应，以避免水击压力对裸露地层和井口装置造成的破坏。本文在分析影响水击因素的基础上，建立了水击效应的数学模型，并用特征线法以及ADINA有限元方法对水击数学模型进行了求解。最后在理论分析与实例计算的基础上，首次提出在井口装置上安装空气罐来减小水击压力的尝试。通过本文研究所得到的一些认识，对实际生产现场井口装备的配置、溢流关井方式的选择等具有一定指导意义。 首先，本文简要介绍了当前水击计算的基本理论，包括水击数学模型及其求解方法，指出了当前水击数学模型中存在的不足。详细的分析了弹性模量、管道尺寸、气体百分含量、固体颗粒含量
2、等因素对水击效应的影响，其中影响最大的是气体百分含量和固体颗粒含量。随着颗粒含量的增加，水击波速随之上升；而气体含量与此相反，气体越多，水击波速将会越小。 其次，以实际生产现场的溢流关井为物理模型，在一定假殴的基础上，建立了比以往模型能更加真实反映溢流关井水击效应的数学模型，即连续性方程、运动方程及定解条件，在所建立的数学模型里考虑了摩擦阻力的影响。同时，应用特征线法的原理将数学模型的微分方程组转化成特征方程组，沿特征线对特征方程进行积分，并以差分方程形式代替积分形式对其求解。用所建立的模型及其解法进行的计算充分表明：1)“硬关井”、“半软关井”、“软关井”井内水击压力逐渐减小； 2)由于耗散
3、使井内水击波动由井口、套管鞋到井底逐渐减小；3)井内为两相流时产生的水击压力比单相流更小，气体有减小水击压力的作用。同时，为了进行对比分析，本文采用了现今最为流行的有限元法，即通用软件ADINA进行水击压力的计算。计算结果表明，ADINA与本文建立的水击数学模型的计算结果吻合较好。 最后，对控制水击的措施进行了探索。在分析了常规的水击控制措施基础上，大胆借用其它工程中通过安装一个空气罐来减小水击压力的方法，提出在井口装置上也安装一个空气罐来控制关井水击的理论尝试。理论计算表明，空气罐能有效的减小水击压力。只是考虑到现场井口已经比较复杂，对于该尝试是否可行，经济上是否有益还需要进步的研究以及实验
4、论证。关键词：水击压力;硬关井;特征线法;水击控制 Abstract When the additional gas influx OCCURS in the bottom of a well，we must close the well right now, The water hammer should be considered while close the well in order to prevent the water hammer pressure from wrecking the formation and the blow-out preventer(BOP)After
5、 analyzing factors impacting the water hammer, the paper set up the water hammer mathematic model，apply character line method and ADINA software to solve modelThen the theoretic calculation show that the atmosphere jar can decrease the water hammer pressure and the engineering meaning of research wa
6、ter hammer has been brought forward：On the one side，the water hammer is an important reference of closure method；On the other hand，the water hammer is helpful to the wellhead BOP choice Firstly，The paper describes briefly the basic theories of current water hammer calculation including both water ha
7、mmer mathematic model and calculative methods；calculative methods of the equation being scarcely preciseMoreover, detailed analyzing factors impacting the water hammerThose factors include elasticity module、pipeline size、gas content、solid grain content，act，The paper regard the gas content and solid
8、grain content as the most important factorAs solid grain content rise，the pressure wave propagation velocity go up，however, as gas content rise，the wave velocity go down Secondly，The paper present the new water hammer mathematic model including all kinds of boundary conditions based on closure well
9、physical model the water hammer mathematic model includes continuity equation and movement equation thinking of the friction in the process of producing water hammer pressure functions。Based on the correct water hammer mathematic model，applying character line method，to translate the differential equ
10、ation group into character equation group，to count the character equation integral along with character line and at the same time to substitute the integral form for the difference form SO as to make use of computer to carry through numerical value calculation of the water hammer pressureThe out put
11、 are as follows：1)“hard” shut-in、“half soft” shutin and “soft” shut in, the water hammer pressure decrease gradually；2)the top of a well、the casing shoe and the bottom of a well the water hammer decrease gradually because of dissipation；3)the gas call monish the water hammer pressureThen the last ca
12、lculative part of paper use ADINA software t o solve mathematical modelThe whole result show that the output of ADINA software is consistent to that of theoretical mathematical model+Finally, considering the measure about controlling the water hammer ,the papercombining the other engineering，fearles
13、sly apply the atmosphere jar to the well head assemblyThen the theoretic calculation show that the atmosphere jar can decrease the water hammer pressureHowever, the well head assembly is too complex，whether this measure being appropriate need to be more consideredkey words：water hammer pressure; hard shut in; character line method ;water hammer control目录第1章 概述1第2章 井控基本概念及井控技术2 2.1 井控基本概念及井控的三个阶段2 2.2井控技术2第3章 井控技术与压井方法15 3.1气蚀时井眼压力和压力的计算15第4章 新的压井技术与计算224.1防止地层流体侵入需考虑的因素224.2 起钻时气体运移距离、速度和井口压力224.3 控制环空气体运移的方法24第5章 溢流关井的水击及其控制27 5.1 概述
