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1、 毕业设计（论文）毕业设计（论文） 题题 目目: 粉末冶金的研究及应用粉末冶金的研究及应用 专专 业业: 数控技术及应用数控技术及应用 班班 级级: II 绪 论 粉末冶金方法起源于公元前三千多年。制造铁的第一个方法实质上采用的 就是粉末冶金方法。而现代粉末冶金技术的发展中共有三个重要标志： 1、克 服了难熔金属熔铸过程中产生的困难。1909 年制造电灯钨丝，推动了粉末冶金 的发展；1923 年粉末冶金硬质合金的出现被誉为机械加工中的革命。 2、三十 年代成功制取多孔含油轴承；继而粉末冶金铁基机械零件的发展，充分发挥了 粉末冶金少切削甚至无切削的优点。 3、向更高级的新材料、新工艺发展。四 十
2、年代，出现金属陶瓷、弥散强化等材料，六十年代末至七十年代初，粉末高 速钢、粉末高温合金相继出现；利用粉末冶金锻造及热等静压已能制造高强度 的零件。 什么是粉末冶金呢? 粉末冶金是制取金属或用金属粉末（或金属粉末与 非金属粉末的混合物）作为原料，经过成形和烧结，制造金属材料、复合以及 各种类型制品的工艺技术。粉末冶金法与生产陶瓷有相似的地方，因此，一系 列粉末冶金新技术也可用于陶瓷材料的制备。由于粉末冶金技术的优点，它已 成为解决新材料问题的钥匙，在新材料的发展中起着举足轻重的作用。粉末冶 金技术可以最大限度地减少合金成分偏聚，消除粗大、不均匀的铸造组织。在 制备高性能稀土永磁材料、稀土储氢材料
3、、稀土发光材料、稀土催化剂、高温 超导材料、新型金属材料（如 Al-Li 合金、耐热 Al 合金、超合金、粉末耐蚀不 锈钢、粉末高速钢、金属间化合物高温结构材料等）具有重要的作用。可以制 备非晶、微晶、准晶、纳米晶和超饱和固溶体等一系列高性能非平衡材料，这 些材料具有优异的电学、磁学、光学和力学性能。可以容易地实现多种类型的 复合，充分发挥各组元材料各自的特性，是一种低成本生产高性能金属基和陶 瓷复合材料的工艺技术。可以生产普通熔炼法无法生产的具有特殊结构和性能 的材料和制品，如新型多孔生物材料，多孔分离膜材料、高性能结构陶瓷和功 能陶瓷材料等。可以实现净近形成形和自动化批量生产，从而，可以有
4、效地降 III 低生产的资源和能源消耗。 可以充分利用矿石、尾矿、炼钢污泥、轧钢铁鳞、 回收废旧金属作原料，是一种可有效进行材料再生和综合利用的新技术。 Introduction The powder metallurgy method origins in the B.C.E. more than 3000 years.In the manufacture iron first method essence uses is the powder metallurgy method.But in the modern Powder Metallurgy Technology developme
5、nt altogether has three to symbolize importantly that, 1st, overcame difficultly to melt the difficulty which in the metal casting process produced.In 1909 made the electric lamp tungsten wire, impelled the powder metallurgy development; In 1923 powder metallurgy hard alloy appearance by reputation
6、for machine-finishing in revolution。2nd, the 30s success system takes the porous oil- retaining bearing; Subsequently the powder metallurgy ferric radical machine parts development, fully displayed the powder metallurgy few cuttings even not to have the cutting the merit. 3rd, to higher paraffin new
7、 material, new craft development.The 40s, appear materials and so on cermet, dissemination strengthening, at the end of the 60s to the beginning of the 70s, the powder high-speed steel, the powder heat-resisting alloy appear one after another; Have been able to make the high strength components usin
8、g powder metallurgy forging and the hot isostatic pressing. What is the powder metallurgy? The powder metallurgy is the system takes the metal either (or metal powder and nonmetallic powder mixture) takes raw material with the metal powder, the process forming and the agglutination, the manufacture
9、metal material, compound as well as each kind of type product processing IV technology.The powder metallurgy law and the production ceramics have the similarity, therefore, a series of powder metallurgy new technology also available in ceramic material preparation. As a result of the Powder Metallur
10、gy Technology merit, it has become solves the new material question key, is playing the pivotal role in the new material development.The Powder Metallurgy Technology may maximum limit reduce the alloying constituent to gather, eliminates thickly, the non-uniform casting organization。In the preparati
11、on high performance rare earth permanent-magnet material, the rare earth Chu hydrogen material, the rare earth luminescent material, the rare earth catalyst, the high temperature superconductivity material, the new metal material (for example the Al-Li alloy, the heat-resisting Al alloy, super alloy
12、, powder resist corrosion stainless steel, powder high-speed steel, intermetallic compound high temperature structural material and so on) have the vital role。May prepare crystalless, the micrite, the quasicrystal, a nanometer crystal and the ultra saturated solid solution and so on a series of high
13、 performance non-balance material, these materials have the outstanding electricity, magnetism, optics and mechanics performance.May realize many kinds of types easily compound, fully displays various components material respective characteristic, is one kind of low cost production high performance
14、metal-based and the ceramic compound materials processing technology. May realize many kinds of types easily compound, fully displays various components material respective characteristic, is one kind of low cost production high performance metal-based and the ceramic compound materials processing t
15、echnology.May produce the ordinary smelting law to be unable to produce has the special structure and the performance material and the product, like new porous biological material, porous separation membrane material, high performance structure ceramics and function ceramic material and so on。May re
16、alize only the near shape forming and the automation volume production, thus, may reduce the production effectively the resources and the energy consumption. May using the ore, the debris, the steel-making sludge, the steel rolling V scale fully, the recycling worn out metal makes raw material, is one kind may carry on the material regeneration and the comprehensive utiliza
