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1、语法复习十二 非谓语动词 动词不定式 动词不定式 分词 现在分词 过去分词 和动名词统称为非谓语动 词 现代英语将现在分词和动名词合为一大类叫作v ing形式 这些 动词的形式不能在句中单独作谓语用 因而没有语法主语 但可以有逻 辑主语 由于没有语法主语 也就不受人称和数的限定 因为不是谓 语 也就没有时态和语态 但这些词仍能表示动作和状态 所以仍有表 示与其他动词相对时间关系的形式 由于与其它词有逻辑上的主谓关 系 因此也有表示主 被动的形式 同时也有自己的宾语和状语 一起 构成非谓语动词的短语 动词不定式短语 分词短语 动名词短语 非 谓语动词在英语语法中占有特殊且重要的位置 非谓语动词形
2、式多样 应用广泛 且在句中起着很活跃的作用 也是语法项目中的重点和难 点 学好非谓语动词 才能正确进行口语和书面的交流 动词不定式 过去分词及v ing形式在句中均不能作谓语用 所以叫 做非谓语动词 一 动词不定式 动词不定式由 to 动词原形 构成 如 to study to play 动 词不定式虽然不能作谓语动词用 但仍留着动词的特征 它可以带有所 需要的宾语或状语而构成动词不定式短语 如 to study hard to play table tennis 1 动词不定式的形式变化 动词不定式有下列时态和语态的形式变 化 语态式一般式完成式进行式完成进行式 主 动to buildto
3、have builtto be building to have been building 被 动to be build to have been build 2 动词不定式的基本用法 动词不定式能起名词 形容词和副词的 作用 可在句中作主语 表语 宾语补足语 定语和状语用 如 1 作主语 To help each other is good 动词不定式作主语时 一 般可用it作形式主语 而将作主语的动词不定式置于句末 如 It is good to help each other 2 作表语 My job is to drive them to the power station ever
4、y day 动 词不定式在系动词be之后作表语 与表示将来时的be 动词不定式结构 有所区别 如 Our plan is to set up another middle school for the peasants children 我们的计划是给农民子弟再成立一所中学 句中的谓语动词 为is 动词不定式to set up 为表语 主语为plan 但plan并不是动词不 定式的逻辑主语 即动词不定式 to set up所表示的动作不是主语plan产 生的 We are to set up another middle school for the peasants children 我们将
5、为农民的子弟再成立一所中学 句中的are to set up整个结构为 句中谓语 主语为we 同时也是动词不定式to set up所表示的动作的逻 辑主语 即动词不定式to set up所表示的动作是由we产生的 3 作宾语 作及物动词的宾语 如 She wishes to be a musician 作某些形容词的宾语 可以有动词不定式为宾语的形容词 一般有glad sorry afraid pleased determined willing eager anxious ready sure等 如 I am determined to give up smoking 动词不定式一般不 作介
6、词的宾语 但动词不定式之前如有疑问词时 就可作介词的宾语 如 Can you give us some advice on what to do next 4 作宾语补足语 如 Tell the children not to play on the street 如 果句中的谓语动词为see hear watch notice have make let等 作宾语补 足语的动词不定式须将to省去 如 I saw a little girl run across the street 5 动词不定式在句中作宾语 如带有宾语补足语时 须先用it作 形式宾语 而将该动词不定式后置 如 I don
7、t think it right to do it that way 6 作定语 动词不定式作定语时 须位于被其修饰的名词或代词 之后 如 Is this the best way to help him 和定语用的动词不定式如果是 不及物动词 不定式后面就要用必要的介词 如 He is the man to depend on 如果被不定式修饰的名词为place time way 不定式后面的介 词 习惯上可以省去 如 The old man is looking for a quiet place to live 7 作状语 动词不定式可以作下列的状语 目的状语 Every morning
8、 he gets up very early to read English 为了强调不定式表示目的的 作用 可在不定式前加in order to或so as to 以便或为了 但应注意in order to位于句首或句中均可 而so as to不能位于句首 如 She reads China Daily every day in order to so as to improve her English 将表示目 的的不定式置于句首 也可强调目的的作用 如 To master a foreign language one must work hard at it 结果状语 They live
9、d to see the liberation of their home town 他们活到亲眼见到了他们家乡的解放 too 形容词或副词 动词不定式 表示 足能 的结果 如 You are old enough to take care of yourself now 3 复合结构不定式 由for 名词 或代词宾格 动词不定式即构 成复合结构的动词不定式 其中for本身无意义 for后面的名词或代词 是不定式的逻辑主语 这种不定式在句中可作主语 表语 宾语 定语 或状语 如 It is very important for us to get everything ready for th
10、e harvest 当作表语用的形容词表示不定式的逻辑主语的性质或特征时 就用介词of而不用for引出不定式的逻辑主语 这些形容词一般有good nice kind wise silly stupid foolish right wrong careless impolite等 如 It is very kind of you to help him every day 4 疑问词 动词不定式 疑问代词和疑问副词后可加动词不定式构 成不定式短语 在句中可作主语 表语或宾语 如 How to prevent them from swimming in this river is a proble
11、m 5 动词不定式的否定式 动词不定式的否定式是由not 动词不定 式构成 如 It s wrong of you not to attend the meeting 6 动词不定式的时态形式所表示的时间关系 1 一般式 动词 不定式一般式所表示的动作是和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生 但在 多数情况下 是在谓语动词所表示的动作之后发生 如 We decided to plant more trees this spring 其后 They often watch us play table tennis 同时 2 完成式 动词不定式完成式所表示的动作发生在 谓语动词所表示的动作之前 如 I a
12、m sorry to have kept you waiting 3 进行式 动词不定式进行式所表示的动作正在进行中 而且与谓 语动词所表示的动作同时发生 如 She happened to be writing a letter in the room when I came in 7 动词不定式的被动语态用法 如果动词不定式的逻辑主语为这个 不定式所表示的动作的承受者时 不定式一般就用被动语态形式 如 What is to be done next hasn t been decided yet 练习 非谓语动词 一 1 Can you ride a horse No I never ha
13、d the chance A for learning it B for learning how C how to learn it D to learn how 2 Paul said Give me a chair A to sit B sit C sit on D to sit on 3 I ran too fast where I was going A to notice B for me to notice C to notice for me D and notice 4 Have you enjoyed your visit here Yes I ll be very sor
14、ry A for leaving B of leaving C to leave D with leaving 5 I ll help you whenever you need me Good I d like me tomorrow A you helping B that you will help C you to help D that you help 6 I didn t hear you come in last night That s good We tried noisy A not be B not to be C to be not D to not be 7 Bec
15、ause of air pollution being greatly reduced this city is still A a good place which to be lived in B lived as a good place C a good place to live in D living in as a good place 8 Why was the official meeting called new officers A Select B Selecting C To select D For selecting 9 Where did he go He we
16、nt to another store A to buy pencils B for buying pencils C buy pencils D buying pencils 10 My baby has a heart trouble Did the doctor find it difficult A in treating B treating C for treating D to treat 11 Did the judge ask you many questions Yes and A they were difficult to be answered B to answer them was to be difficult C they were difficult to answer D they had difficulty in answering 12 That beggar seems anything yesterday A not to have eaten B not to eat C didn t eat D to not have eaten 1
