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1、本文是中英对照毕业设计论文外文文献翻译，下载后直接可用！省去您找文献、pdf整理成word和翻译的时间！一辈子也就一次的事！文献引用作者出处信息:A.Y.Elveren Brain Drain and Gender Inequality in Turkey,2020 (如觉得年份太老，可改为近2年，毕竟很多毕业生都这样做)英文5028单词，31848字符(字符就是印刷符)，中文7285汉字。（如果字数多了，可自行删减，大多数学校都是要求选取外文的一部分内容进行翻译的。）Brain Drain: Causes and ConsequencesAbstract: This chapter exam
2、ines the causes and consequences of brain drain. The chapter reviews major migration theories and examines differ-ent perspectives on the brain drain and development. Finally, it reviews the literature on the gender dimension of brain drain.Keywords: Brain drain, Brain gain , Migration theories, Gen
3、der, Push-pull models2.1IntroductionThis chapter aims to discuss the causes and consequences of the brain drain and its gender dimension. There exists a sizeable literature on the brain drain. The goal of the section is not to review such an immense literature by any means. There are several compreh
4、ensive literature surveys that focus on the different aspects of the brain drain (see inter alia Commander et al. 2002; Giannoccolo 2006; Oosterbeek and Webbink 2011; Katseli et al. 2006; Docquier and Rapoport 2012; Gibson and McKenzie 2012).Before examining the literature on brain drain, it is wort
5、h taking a gen-eral look at the migration and development literature. Ravenstein (1885, 1889), the first scholarly works, considered migration basically as an eco-nomic phenomenon. This main perspective that people move from low-income to high-income regions is the basic notion of diverse approaches
6、 to migration.2.1.1The Neo-classical Migration Theory and New Economics of Labor MigrationAccording to the neo-classical economic theory, there are geographical differences in the supply and demand for labor, which causes wage dif-ferentials between regions. Therefore, individuals migrate from low-w
7、age to high-wage areas. This is the macro -level explanation of migration decision. The theory sees migrants as all rational individual agents making a decision based on a cost-benefit calculation to earn the highest wages. This is the microlevel notion of the migration. The basis of the neo-classic
8、al migration theory is Harris-Todaros two-sector model of rural-to-urban migration (Todaro 1969; Harris and Todaro 1970). This internal migration theory served as the basis for the main international migration theories including those of Todaro and Maruszko (1987) and Borjas (1989, 1990). The neo -c
9、lassical migration theory suffers from a couple of fundamental issues. First, the theory is based on perfect factor markets, thereby fails to explain actual migration decisions of marginalized individuals with very limited or no access to factor markets in developing countries. Also, the theory does
10、 not deal with cultural, political, and institutional aspects of the migration deci-sion. The theory has also been criticized for being ahistorical and Eurocentric in that it fails to acknowledge the different structural con-ditions of current developing countries and countries in the nineteenth-and
11、 twentieth- century Europe in terms of the framework of the transfer of labor from agricultural rural to industrial urban sectors (Skeldon 1997, cited in De Haas 2008).The new economics of labor migration is an augmented version of neo-classical migration theory (Stark and Levhari 1982; Stark 1984;
12、Stark and Bloom 1985 ; Massey et al. 1993). The new economics of labor migration theory challenges neo-classical models by considering family/household as the unit of analysis rather than individuals. People within families or households act collectively not only to maximize expected income but also
13、 to minimize risks and to loosen constraints associated with a variety of market failures, apart from those in the labor market (Massey et al. 1993, p. 436). Another major difference of the new economics of labor migration models is that unlike the neo-classical models, remittances play a significan
14、t role in the decision to migrate.2.1.2The Dependency TheoryHistorical-structural theory, adopting a Marxist political-economic approach, emerged as a response to neo-classical migration theory and developmentalist-modernizationist approaches toward development (Castles and Miller 2003; De Haas 2008
15、). According to historical struc-turalists, individuals do not have a free choice in contrast to what neo-classical migration theory is based on. Individuals migrate not as a result of their free choice but rather they are forced to do so to move away from poverty, which is a result of the global po
16、litical-economic structure.The dependency theory, a part of the structuralist approach, under-scores the interconnection of development and underdevelopment in the capitalist system. The theory argues that there are economic and political power imbalances among developed and underdeveloped countries, and this is an intrinsic part of the capitalist relations between these countries that reinforce inequalities among them (Frank 1966, 196
