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1、血细胞发生过程的形态演变-医学-生物谷（Morphological evolution of blood cells - medical biological Valley）诱导多能干细胞Ips干细胞 (induced Pluripotent Stem Cell)更多阅读血细胞的发生是一连续发展过程, 各种血细胞的发育大致可分为三个阶段: 原始阶段、幼稚阶段 (又分早、中、晚三期) 和成熟阶段.骨髓涂片检查, 是血液病诊断的重要依据.血细胞发生过程中形态变化的一般规律如下: 胞体由大变小, 而巨核细胞的发生则由小变大.胞核由大变小, 红细胞的核最后消失, 粒细胞的核由圆形逐渐变成杆状乃至分叶,
2、 巨核细胞的核由小变大呈分叶状; 核内染色质由细疏逐渐变粗密, 核仁由明显渐至消失; 核的着色由浅变深.胞质的量由少逐渐增多, 胞质嗜碱性逐渐变弱, 但单核细胞和淋巴细胞仍保持嗜碱性; 胞质内的特殊结构如红细胞中的血红蛋白、粒细胞中的特殊颗粒均由无到有, 并逐渐增多.细胞分裂能力从有到无, 但淋巴细胞仍有很强的潜在分裂能力.1.红细胞发生 红细胞发生历经原红细胞 (proerythroblast) 、早幼红细胞 (或称嗜碱性成红细胞, basophilic erthroblast) 、中幼红细胞 (或称多染性成红细胞, polychromatophilic erythroblast) 、晚幼红
3、细胞 (或称正成红细胞, normoblast), 后者脱去胞核成为网织红细胞, 最终成为成熟红细胞.从原红细胞的发育至晚幼红细胞大约需34天.巨噬细胞可吞噬晚幼红细胞脱出的胞核和其他代谢产物, 并为红细胞的发育提供铁质等营养物.各阶段细胞的一般形态特点见表51 (图511)表51 红细胞发生过程的形态演变发育阶段和名称胞体大小 形状(2)胞核形状 染色质 核仁 核质比胞 质嗜碱性 着色 血红蛋白 分裂能力原始阶段 原红细胞幼 早幼红细胞稚 中幼红细胞阶 晚幼红细胞段成熟 网织红细胞阶 红细胞段1422 圆1119 圆1014 圆912 圆79 圆盘状7 圆盘状圆 细粒状 23 34圆 粗粒状
4、 偶见 12圆 粗块状 消失 约12圆 致密块 消失 更小无无强 墨水蓝 无 有很强 墨水蓝 开始出现 有减弱 嗜多染性 增多 弱红蓝间染弱 红 大量 无微 红 大量 无无 红 大量 无2.粒细胞发生 粒细胞发生历经原粒细胞 (myeloblast) 、早幼粒细胞 (又称前髓细胞, promyelocyte) 、中幼粒细胞 (又称髓细胞, myelocyte) 、晚幼粒细胞 (又称后髓细胞, 进而分化为成熟的杆状核和分叶核粒细胞.从原粒细胞增殖分化为晚幼粒细胞大约需46天.骨髓内的杆核粒细胞和分叶核粒细胞的贮存量很大, metamyelocyte)Release blood into the
5、bone after 45 days stay. If the bone marrow accelerates to release, the granulocytes in the peripheral blood may increase suddenly. The general morphological features of different stages were shown in table 5-2 (Figure 11).3. mononuclear cells occurred in mononuclear cells after monoblast (monoblast
6、) and immature mononuclear cells (promonocyte) into mononuclear cells (Figure 5-13). Immature monocyte proliferation is very strong, about 38% of the promonocyte proliferating, storage capacity of mononuclear cells in bone marrow than granulocyte, inflammation or immune function when the body is act
7、ive, promonocyte accelerated the proliferation of mononuclear cells to provide enough.4. platelets undergo primary megakaryocyte (megakaryoblast) development by immature megakaryocytes (promegakaryocyte) into megakaryocytes, and the cytoplasmic mass of megakaryocytes breaks down into platelets (Fig.
8、 5-11). The megakaryocyte is differentiated into immature megakaryocyte, the volume becomes larger, the nucleus is always kidney like, and the cytoplasm is small. The nuclei of young megakaryocytes undergo several divisions, but the cells do not divide and form megakaryocytes. Megakaryocytes were ir
9、regular, diameter of 40 70 m, even more, lobulated nucleus. There are many platelet granules in the cytoplasm, and many reticular tubules formed by the smooth endoplasmic reticulum divide the cytoplasm into many cells, each of which is a future platelet, containing granules. It is also seen that the
10、 megakaryocyte extends out of the elongated cytoplasm and extends into the sinus cavity along the wall of the sinusoid. Its cytoplasm is not expanded at the end and becomes platelets (Fig. 5-12). Each megakaryocyte produces about 2000 platelets.Figure 5 12 megakaryocytes electric mirror (pictured ab
11、ove) * 450001. nucleus 2., platelet granule 3., smooth endoplasmic reticulum(Yin Xin, Professor of medicine at Bethune Medical University)Here it is shown that the small cell mass of macrophages drops into the sinusoidsTable 5-2 evolution of granulocyte morphology processDevelopmentStage and nameSom
12、aSize shape(m)NucleusShape chromatin nucleolusProportionCytoplasmBasophilic staining azurophil special divisionParticle capacityPrimary stage granulocytePromyelocyticJuvenile and immature granulocytesStep promyelocyticparagraphbecomeMature rod-shaped granulocyteCascade leaf granulocyteparagraph1118
13、circleRound 13-201116 circleAlso roundAlso roundAlso roundRound fine mesh 2-6 3 / 4Oval thick mesh, occasionally seen 1 / 2The semicircle net block disappears about 1 / 2The kidney shaped net disappeared in lump / 1 / 2Zonal coarse mass disappeared 1 / 3Lobulated coarse blocks disappeared lessStrong
14、 blue sky without nothingA large number of small blue has weakenedWeak light blue less thanNo less obvious weak pinkA lot of no less reddish disappearA lot of no less reddish disappearThe occurrence of 5. lymphocyte and lymphocyte is more complicated. There are a variety of lymphocyte subsets, they
15、not only have hair growth process, but also due to antigen stimulation process of small lymphocytes and single mother cell proliferation, but also the lack of conventional light microscopic differentiation markers visible, so it is difficult to form from the strict division and differentiation stage of lymphocytes. Morphological observation of light microscopy in the past,The occurrence of lymphocytes i
