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1、宾语从句一、 什么是宾语？宾语是谓语动词的一种连带成分，一般放在及物动词之后，和及物动词一起说明主语做什么。除及物动词有宾语之外， 介词后面也有宾语。宾语可以由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词、短语来担任。当然,也可以由一个句子来充当,称为宾语从句。一个句子中不一定只有一个宾语。She is playing the piano now.她正在弹钢琴。（名词作宾语）We all like him.（代词作宾语）Give me four.(数词作宾语)We all like to go to school.（不定式to go to school作like的宾语。school作to的宾语）We a
2、ll like swimming.（动名词作宾语）I think that he is right.（句子作宾语）He asked me what I was thinking about at that time. (句子作宾语)The book is worth reading.(动名词做宾语)二、 什么是双宾语和复合宾语？有时候一个动词可以带两个宾语，如“教我们化学”的“我们”和“化学”。这两个词都是宾语，统称为双宾语，即指人的间接宾语和指物的直接宾语。 My parents bought me a computer. 我父母给我买了一台电脑。(me是间接宾语，computer是直接宾语
3、) = My parents bought a computer for me.He gave me a book last Sunday.= He gave a book to me last Sunday.某些及物动词的宾语后面还需要有一个补足语，意思才完整，宾语和它的补足语构成复合宾语。而复合宾语的第一部分通常由名词或代词充当，第二部分用来补充说明第一部分的动作或身份、特征等，称为宾语补足语。 宾语补足语有以下几类。1.由动词不定式充当。多数是带to的不定式，也有不带to的不定式。.要求带to的不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：tell，ask，invite，get，allow，wish，wa
4、nt，like，prefer， expect，encourage，advise，permit，order，warn等。如： They encouraged me to try again他们鼓励我再次尝试。 .某些动词如make，have，let，see，hear，watch，notice，feel等后作宾语补足语的不定式不带to。 如： He made us stay for dinner他使我们留下来吃饭。 Let me introduce you to Miss Li让我介绍你和李小姐认识。 2.由-ing形式或过去分词充当。 .当宾语补足语的动作时由作宾语的名词或代词正在发出时，宾语补
5、足语用-ing形式。 如. He can hear his heart beating fast 他可以听见自己的心脏跳得很快。I saw him running out of the room just now. .当宾语和宾语补足语是被动的关系时，宾语补足语用过去分词形式。 如.：Youd better have the desk cleaned你最好请人把课桌擦一下。 3.由名词充当。 某些动词call, name, make, think, find, consider, 后接名词或代词作其语，再接名词作宾语补足语，补充说明宾语的身份。 如： I called this cat Mim
6、i. 我把这只猫叫做咪咪。4.由形容词充当。 某些动词如make，keep，find，like，等后接名词或代词作宾语，再接形容词作宾语补足语，补充说明宾语的状态、特征等。 You must keep the classroom clean你应保持教室清洁。 We should keep our eyes closed when we do eye exercises. 做眼保健操时， 我们应该闭着眼睛。The bad news made me very upset. 这个坏消息让我非常沮丧。5. 由副词或者介词短语充当宾语补足语。I like sleeping with the light
7、on. 我喜欢开着灯睡觉。 You let me down. 你让我失望。I know this teacher with a book in her hand. 我认识手里拿着书的老师。三、什么是宾语从句？宾语从句是一种复合句，由一个句子作宾语，A. .宾语从句的种类：根据引导宾语从句连词的不同，宾语从句可分为三类。. 由that引导的宾语从句。that只有语法作用，没有实在意义，在口语和非正式文体中可以省略。如: He says (that) he is a student.He said（that）he wanted to stay at home. . 由if或whether引导的宾语
8、从句。if和whether在句中的意思是“是否”，不可以省略.例如： I want to know if（whether）he lives there. He asked me whether（if）I could help him. 下面五种情况只能用 whether, 不可以用 if. 1. 和动词不定式连用时， 只能用 whether. 如： I dont know whether to leave here.2. 和or not 连用时，只能用 whether, or not 可以放在句末。 如：She wanted to know whether she went there or
9、not.3. 用在介词后面时， 只能用whether. 如： I am worried about whether we can finish the work on time.4. 放在句首时，只能用 whether, 不能用if。 如：Whether this is true or not，I cant say 5. 在动词discuss后面的宾语从句.例：We discussed whether we had a sports meeting the next week. 由连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which和连接副词when, where, why, h
10、ow引导的宾语从句。这些连接代词和连接副词在宾语从句中充当某个成分，不可以省略。如： Do you know who（whom）they are waiting for now? He asked whose handwriting was the best in their class. Can you tell me where the No.3 bus stop is? I didnt know why the train was late again. B. 宾语从句的语序无论哪种形式的宾语从句，从句都必须用陈述语序，即先主语后谓语动词。（把助动词will, have/has, wou
11、ld； 情态动词can ,may ,must ； be (am ,is ,are ,was ,were)动词放在主语之后；把助动词do, does ,did 都去掉，注意主句和从句的时态）I hear (that) physics isnt easy. I think (that) you will like this school soon. Can you tell me how I can get to the zoo? Please tell me when well have the meeting. He says that he went hiking last Sunday.
12、He wonders if there were many people working here just now.C. 宾语从句的时态. 如果主句的谓语动词是现在时的某种时态（一般现在时，现在进行时，现在完成时），从句的谓语动词可根据实际情况使用相应的时态。如：I dont think (that) you are right. Please tell us where he is. Can you tell me how I can get to the railway station?. 如果主句的时态是一般过去时，宾语从句只能用相应的过去时态（一般过去时， 过去进行时， 过去将来时，
13、过去完成时）。如： He asked what time it was. He told me that he was preparing for the sports meeting. He asked if you had written to Peter. He said that he would go back to the U.S. soon. 如果宾语从句所表示的是客观事实、普遍真理、自然现象等，不管主句用什么时态，从句时态都用一般现在时。例如： Our teacher said that January is the first month of the year. Scien
14、tists said that the earth moves around the sun. He said that light travels much faster than sound. 注意： 宾语从句的标点均由主句决定。主句是陈述句，用句号；主句是疑问句，用问号。如： Who will give us a talk? I dont know. I dont know who will give us a talk. Do you know? Where does he live? Do you know where he lives? D. 否定转移在宾语从句中，当主句的主语是第
15、一人称，谓语动词是 think ,believe , suppose 等时，要将从句的否定词转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定形式，而从句的谓语动词用肯定。改成反义疑问句时，要看从句。其他的宾语从句变反义疑问句时，要看主句。I think you are right. I dont think you are right. I think you are right, arent you? I dont think you are right, are you? She said that she went swimming yesterday, didnt she？E. 宾语从句的简化当主句谓语动词是find，see，watch，hear等感官动词时，从句常简化为“宾语宾补”结构，宾补为不带to的不定式或V-ing形式。如： She found that the wallet was lying on the ground. She found the wallet lying on the ground. . 当主句谓语动词是hope，wish，decid
